Prime Minister of Australia

The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior minister of state, and the leader of the federal Cabinet. The prime minister also has the responsibility of administering the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, and is the chair of the National Security Committee and the Council of Australian Governments. The office of prime minister is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia but exists through Westminster political convention. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the governor-general of Australia and at the governor-general's pleasure subject to the Constitution of Australia and constitutional conventions.

Prime Minister of Australia
Incumbent
Scott Morrison
since 24 August 2018
  • Government of Australia
  • Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Style
  • The Honourable
    (formal)
  • Prime Minister
    (spoken)
  • His/Her Excellency
    (in international correspondence)[1]
Member of
  • Cabinet
  • National Security Committee
  • Federal Executive Council
Reports toParliament, Governor-General
Residence
  • The Lodge
  • Kirribilli House
SeatCanberra
AppointerGovernor-General of Australia
by convention, based on appointee's ability to command confidence in the House of Representatives[2]
Term lengthAt the Governor-General's pleasure
contingent on the Prime Minister's ability to command confidence in the lower house of Parliament[3]
Inaugural holderEdmund Barton
Formation1 January 1901
DeputyMichael McCormack
Salary$549,229 (AUD) annually[4]
Websitepm.gov.au

Scott Morrison has held the office of prime minister since 24 August 2018. He received his commission after replacing Malcolm Turnbull as the leader of the Liberal Party, the largest party in the Coalition government, following the Liberal Party leadership spill earlier the same day.[5][6]

Constitutional basis and appointment
Australia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Australia
Australia's first prime minister, Edmund Barton at the central table in the House of Representatives in 1901.

The prime minister of Australia is appointed by the governor-general of Australia under Section 64 of the Australian Constitution, which empowers the governor-general, as the official representative of the Crown, to appoint government ministers of state on the advice of the prime minister and requires them to be members of the House of Representatives or the Senate, or become members within three months of the appointment. The prime minister and treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement.[7] Before being sworn in as a Minister of State, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable (usually abbreviated to The Hon) for life, barring exceptional circumstances. The senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia.

The prime minister is, like other ministers, normally sworn in by the governor-general and then presented with the commission (letters patent) of office. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the prime minister is said to "hand in the commission" and actually does so by returning it to the governor-general. In the event of a prime minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, or for other reasons, the governor-general can terminate the commission. Ministers hold office "during the pleasure of the governor-general" (s. 64 of the Constitution of Australia), so theoretically, the governor-general can dismiss a minister at any time, by notifying them in writing of the termination of their commission; however, their power to do so except on the advice of the prime minister is heavily circumscribed by convention.

According to convention, the prime minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives which holds the confidence of the House. Some commentators argue that the governor-general may also dismiss a prime minister who is unable to pass the government's supply bill through both houses of parliament, including the Australian Senate, where the government doesn't normally command the majority, as happened in the 1975 constitutional crisis.[8] Other commentators argue that the governor-general acted improperly in 1975 as Whitlam still retained the confidence of the House of Representatives, and there are no generally accepted conventions to guide the use of the governor-general's reserve powers in this circumstance.[2] However, there is no constitutional requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives, or even be a member of the federal parliament (subject to a constitutionally prescribed limit of three months), though by convention this is always the case. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed Prime Minister was John Gorton, who subsequently resigned his Senate position and was elected as a member of the House of Representatives.

Despite the importance of the office of Prime Minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be sufficiently entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail these. Indeed, prior to Federation in 1901 the terms State Premier and Prime Minister were used interchangeably. [9]

If a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the House of Representatives, or the House passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the prime minister is bound by convention to immediately advise the governor-general to dissolve the House of Representatives and hold a fresh election.

Following a resignation in other circumstances or the death of a prime minister, the governor-general generally appoints the deputy prime minister as the new prime minister, until or if such time as the governing party or senior coalition party elects an alternative party leader. This has resulted in the party leaders from the Country Party (now named National Party) being appointed as Prime Minister, despite being the smaller party of their coalition. This occurred when Earle Page became caretaker prime minister following the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939, and when John McEwen became caretaker prime minister following the disappearance of Harold Holt in 1967. However in 1941, Arthur Fadden became the leader of the Coalition and subsequently Prime Minister by the agreement of both coalition parties, despite being the leader of the smaller party in coalition, following the resignation of UAP leader Robert Menzies.

Excluding the brief transition periods during changes of government or leadership elections, there have only been a handful of cases where someone other than the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives was Prime Minister:

  • Federation occurred on 1 January 1901, but elections for the first parliament were not scheduled until late March. In the interim, an unelected caretaker government was necessary. In what is now known as the Hopetoun Blunder, the governor-general, Lord Hopetoun, invited Sir William Lyne, the premier of the most populous state, New South Wales, to form a government. Lyne was unable to do so and returned his commission in favour of Edmund Barton, who became the first prime minister and led the inaugural government into and beyond the election.
  • During the second parliament, three parties (Free Trade, Protectionist and Labor) had roughly equal representation in the House of Representatives. The leaders of the three parties, Alfred Deakin, George Reid and Chris Watson each served as Prime Minister before losing a vote of confidence.
  • As a result of the Labor Party's split over conscription, Billy Hughes and his supporters were expelled from the Labor Party in November 1916. He subsequently continued on as prime minister at the head of the new National Labor Party, which had only 14 members out of a total of 75 in the House of Representatives. The Commonwealth Liberal Party – despite still forming the official Opposition – provided confidence and supply until February 1917, when the two parties agree to merge and form the Nationalist Party.
  • During the 1975 constitutional crisis, on 11 November 1975, the governor-general, Sir John Kerr, dismissed the Labor Party's Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister. Despite Labor holding a majority in the House of Representatives, Kerr appointed the Leader of the Opposition, Liberal leader Malcolm Fraser as caretaker prime minister, conditional on the passage of the Whitlam government's Supply bills through the Senate and the calling of an election for both houses of parliament. Fraser accepted these terms and immediately advised a double dissolution. An election was called for 13 December, which the Liberal Party won in its own right (although the Liberals governed in a coalition with the Country Party).

Powers and role
The first prime minister of Australia, Edmund Barton (sitting second from left), with his Cabinet, 1901.

Most of the prime minister's power derives from being the head of government. In practice, the Federal Executive Council acts to ratify all executive decisions made by the government and requires the support of the prime minister. The powers of the prime minister are to direct the governor-general through advice to grant Royal Assent to legislation, to dissolve and prorogue parliament, to call elections and to make government appointments, which the governor-general follows.

The Constitution divides power between the federal government and the states, and the prime minister is constrained by this.[10]

The formal power to appoint the governor-general lies with the queen of Australia, on the advice of the prime minister, whereby convention holds that the queen is bound to follow the advice. The prime minister can also advise the monarch to dismiss the governor-general, though it remains unclear how quickly the monarch would act on such advice in a constitutional crisis. This uncertainty, and the possibility of a "race" between the governor-general and prime minister to dismiss the other, was a key question in the 1975 constitutional crisis. Prime ministers whose government loses a vote of no-confidence in the House of Representatives, are expected to advise the governor-general to dissolve parliament and hold an election, if an alternative government cannot be formed. If they fail to do this, the governor-general may by convention dissolve parliament or appoint an alternative government.[8]

The prime minister is also the responsible minister for the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, which is tasked with supporting the policy agendas of the prime minister and Cabinet through policy advice and the coordination of the implementation of key government programs, to manage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander policy and programs and to promote reconciliation, to provide leadership for the Australian Public Service alongside the Australian Public Service Commission, to oversee the honours and symbols of the Commonwealth, to provide support to ceremonies and official visits, to set whole of government service delivery policy, and to coordinate national security, cyber, counterterrorism, regulatory reform, cities, population, data, and women's policy.[11] Since 1992, the prime minister also acts as the chair of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), an intergovernmental forum between the federal government and the state governments in which the prime minister, the state premiers and chief ministers, and a representative of local governments meet annually.[12]

Privileges of office

Salary
Prime ministerial salary history
Effective dateSalary
2 June 1999$289,270
6 September 2006$309,270
1 July 2007$330,356
1 October 2009$340,704[13]
1 August 2010$354,671[14]
1 July 2011$366,366
1 December 2011$440,000
15 March 2012$481,000[15]
1 July 2012$495,430[16]
1 July 2013$507,338[17]
1 January 2016$517,504[18]
1 July 2017$527,852[19]
1 July 2018$538,460[20]
1 July 2019$549,250[20]

As of 1 July 2019, Australia's prime minister is paid a total salary of $549,250. This is made up of the 'base salary' received by all Members of Parliament ($211,250) plus a 160 percent 'additional salary' for the role of Prime Minister.[21] Increases in the base salary of MPs and senators are determined annually by the Australian Government's Remuneration Tribunal.[20]

Allowances
Prime ministers Curtin, Fadden, Hughes, Menzies and Governor-General The Duke of Gloucester 2nd from left, in 1945.

While in office, the prime minister has two official residences. The primary official residence is The Lodge in Canberra. Most prime ministers have chosen The Lodge as their primary residence because of its security facilities and close proximity to Parliament House. There have been some exceptions, however. James Scullin preferred to live at the Hotel Canberra (now the Hyatt Hotel) and Ben Chifley lived in the Hotel Kurrajong. More recently, John Howard used the Sydney Prime Ministerial residence, Kirribilli House, as his primary accommodation. On her appointment on 24 June 2010, Julia Gillard said she would not be living in The Lodge until such time as she was returned to office by popular vote at the next general election, as she became Prime Minister by replacing an incumbent during a parliamentary term. Tony Abbott was never able to occupy The Lodge during his term (2013–15) as it was undergoing extensive renovations, which continued into the early part of his successor Malcolm Turnbull's term.[22] Instead, Abbott resided in dedicated rooms at the Australian Federal Police College when in Canberra.

During his first term, Rudd had a staff at The Lodge consisting of a senior chef and an assistant chef, a child carer, one senior house attendant, and two junior house attendants. At Kirribilli House in Sydney, there is one full-time chef and one full-time house attendant.[23] The official residences are fully staffed and catered for both the prime minister and their family. In addition, both have extensive security facilities. These residences are regularly used for official entertaining, such as receptions for Australian of the Year finalists.

The prime minister receives a number of transport amenities for official business. The Royal Australian Air Force's No. 34 Squadron transports the prime minister within Australia and overseas by specially converted Boeing Business Jets and smaller Challenger aircraft. The aircraft contain secure communications equipment as well as an office, conference room and sleeping compartments. The call-sign for the aircraft is "Envoy". For ground travel, the prime minister is transported in an armoured BMW 7 Series model. It is referred to as "C-1", or Commonwealth One, because of its licence plate. It is escorted by police vehicles from state and federal authorities.[24]

  • Privileges of office
  • The Lodge
  • Kirribilli House
  • Prime Ministerial Limousine
  • Official aircraft

After office

Politicians, including prime ministers, are usually granted certain privileges after leaving office, such as office accommodation, staff assistance, and a Life Gold Pass, which entitles the holder to travel within Australia for "non-commercial" purposes at government expense. In 2017, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said the pass should be available only to former prime ministers, though he would not use it when he was no longer PM.[25]

Only one prime minister who had left the Federal Parliament ever returned. Stanley Bruce was defeated in his own seat in 1929 while Prime Minister but was re-elected to parliament in 1931. Other prime ministers were elected to parliaments other than the Australian federal parliament: Sir George Reid was elected to the UK House of Commons (after his term as High Commissioner to the UK), and Frank Forde was re-elected to the Queensland Parliament (after his term as High Commissioner to Canada, and a failed attempt to re-enter the Federal Parliament).

Acting prime minister

It is a convention for the deputy prime minister to serve as acting prime minister when the prime minister is travelling outside Australia or absent due to illness. If the deputy prime minister is also unavailable, another senior member of the government is appointed as acting prime minister.[26]

The Acts Interpretation Act 1901 confers upon acting ministers "the same power and authority with respect to the absent Minister's statutory responsibilities".[27]

In the early 20th century, overseas travel generally required long journeys by ship. As a result, some held the position of acting prime minister for significant periods of time, including William Watt (16 months, 1918–1919),[28] George Pearce (7 months, 1916),[29] Alfred Deakin (6 months, 1902),[30] Joseph Cook (5 months, 1921),[31] James Fenton (19 weeks, 1930–1931),[32] John Forrest (4 months, 1907),[33] and Arthur Fadden (4 months, 1941). Fadden was acting prime minister for a cumulative total of 676 days (over 22 months) between 1941 and 1958.[34]

Former prime ministers

As of April 2020, there are six living former Australian prime ministers.[35]

Paul Keating
In office: 1991–1996
Age: 76
John Howard
In office: 1996–2007
Age: 80
Kevin Rudd
In office: 2007–2010; 2013
Age: 62
Julia Gillard
In office: 2010–2013
Age: 58
Tony Abbott,
In office: 2013–2015
Age: 62
Malcolm Turnbull,
In office: 2015–2018
Age: 65

The greatest number of living former prime ministers at any one time was eight. This has occurred twice:

  • Between 7 October 1941 (when John Curtin succeeded Arthur Fadden) and 18 November 1941 (when Chris Watson died), the eight living former prime ministers were Bruce, Cook, Fadden, Hughes, Menzies, Page, Scullin and Watson.
  • Between 13 July 1945 (when Ben Chifley succeeded Frank Forde) and 30 July 1947 (when Sir Joseph Cook died), the eight living former prime ministers were Bruce, Cook, Fadden, Forde, Hughes, Menzies, Page and Scullin.

Ben Chifley lived the least of all former prime ministers, as he died one year and six months after his term as prime minister.[36] All other deceased former prime ministers have lived at least another 10 years, with the longest surviving former prime minister being Gough Whitlam, who lived 38 years and 11 months after office, surpassing Stanley Bruce's previous record of 37 years and 10 months.[37]

Ages
Six Australian prime ministers – Forde, Curtin, Menzies, Hughes, Fadden and Holt – at a meeting of the Advisory War Council in 1940. Percy Spender (Minister for the Army) seated third from the right.

The youngest person to become prime minister was Chris Watson – 37,[38] who was also 37 when he ceased being prime minister. The oldest person to become prime minister was John McEwen – 67 as an interim prime minister,[39] otherwise William McMahon – 63.[40] Robert Menzies was the oldest person to ever be prime minister, leaving office at 71 years old.[41]

List

The longest-serving prime minister was Sir Robert Menzies, who served in office twice: from 26 April 1939 to 28 August 1941, and again from 19 December 1949 to 26 January 1966. In total Robert Menzies spent 18 years, 5 months and 12 days in office. He served under the United Australia Party and the Liberal Party respectively.

The shortest-serving prime minister was Frank Forde, who was appointed to the position on 6 July 1945 after the death of John Curtin, and served until 13 July 1945 when Ben Chifley was elected leader of the Australian Labor Party.

The last prime minister to serve out a full government term in the office was John Howard, who won the 2004 election and led his party to the 2007 election, but lost. Since then, the five subsequent prime ministers have been either voted out of the office mid-term by the caucuses of their own parties, assumed the office mid-term under such circumstances, or both.

No. Name
(birth–death)		 Portrait Party Term of office Elections won Ministry
1 Sir Edmund Barton
(1849–1920)		 Protectionist 1 January
1901		 24 September
1903		 1901 Barton
2 Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919)		 Protectionist 24 September
1903		 27 April
1904		 1903 1st Deakin
3 Chris Watson
(1867–1941)		 Labor 27 April
1904		 18 August
1904		 — Watson
4 George Reid
(1845–1918)		 Free Trade 18 August
1904		 5 July
1905		 — Reid
(2) Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919)		 Protectionist 5 July
1905		 13 November
1908		 1906 2nd Deakin
5 Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928)		 Labor 13 November
1908		 2 June
1909		 — 1st Fisher
(2) Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919)		 Liberal 2 June
1909		 29 April
1910		 — 3rd Deakin
(5) Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928)		 Labor 29 April
1910		 24 June
1913		 1910 2nd Fisher
6 Joseph Cook
(1860–1947)		 Liberal 24 June
1913		 17 September
1914		 1913 Cook
(5) Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928)		 Labor 17 September
1914		 27 October
1915		 1914 3rd Fisher
Billy Hughes
(1862–1952)		 Labor 27 October
1915		 14 November
1916		 — 1st Hughes
7 National Labor14 November
1916		17 February
1917		—2nd Hughes
Nationalist17 February
1917		9 February
1923		—3rd Hughes
19174th Hughes
19195th Hughes
8 Stanley Bruce
(1883–1967)		 Nationalist
(Coalition)		 9 February
1923		 22 October
1929		 1922 1st Bruce
1925 2nd Bruce
1928 3rd Bruce
9 James Scullin
(1876–1953)		 Labor 22 October
1929		 6 January
1932		 1929 Scullin
10 Joseph Lyons
(1879–1939)		 United Australia
(Coalition after Nov. 1934)		 6 January
1932		 7 April
1939†		 1931 1st Lyons
1934 2nd Lyons
— 3rd Lyons
1937 4th Lyons
11 Sir Earle Page
(1880–1961)		 Country
(Coalition)		 7 April
1939		 26 April
1939		 — Page
12 Robert Menzies
(1894–1978)		 United Australia
(Coalition after Mar. 1940)		 26 April
1939		 29 August
1941		 — 1st Menzies
2nd Menzies
1940 3rd Menzies
13 Arthur Fadden
(1894–1973)		 Country
(Coalition)		 29 August
1941		 7 October
1941		 — Fadden
14 John Curtin
(1885–1945)		 Labor 7 October
1941		 5 July
1945†		 — 1st Curtin
1943 2nd Curtin
15 Frank Forde
(1890–1983)		 Labor 6 July
1945		 13 July
1945		 — Forde
16 Ben Chifley
(1885–1951)		 Labor 13 July
1945		 19 December
1949		 — 1st Chifley
1946 2nd Chifley
(12) Sir Robert Menzies
(1894–1978)		 Liberal
(Coalition)		 19 December
1949		 26 January
1966		 1949 4th Menzies
1951 5th Menzies
1954 6th Menzies
1955 7th Menzies
1958 8th Menzies
1961 9th Menzies
1963 10th Menzies
17 Harold Holt
(1908–1967)		 Liberal
(Coalition)		 26 January
1966		 19 December
1967†		 — 1st Holt
1966 2nd Holt
18 John McEwen
(1900–1980)		 Country
(Coalition)		 19 December
1967		 10 January
1968		 — McEwen
19 John Gorton
(1911–2002)		 Liberal
(Coalition)		 10 January
1968		 10 March
1971		 — 1st Gorton
1969 2nd Gorton
20 William McMahon
(1908–1988)		 Liberal
(Coalition)		 10 March
1971		 5 December
1972		 — McMahon
21 Gough Whitlam
(1916–2014)		 Labor 5 December
1972		 11 November
1975		 1972 1st Whitlam
— 2nd Whitlam
1974 3rd Whitlam
22 Malcolm Fraser
(1930–2015)		 Liberal
(Coalition)		 11 November
1975		 11 March
1983		 — 1st Fraser
1975 2nd Fraser
1977 3rd Fraser
1980 4th Fraser
23 Bob Hawke
(1929–2019)		 Labor 11 March
1983		 20 December
1991		 1983 1st Hawke
1984 2nd Hawke
1987 3rd Hawke
1990 4th Hawke
24 Paul Keating
(1944–)		 Labor 20 December
1991		 11 March
1996		 — 1st Keating
1993 2nd Keating
25 John Howard
(1939–)		 Liberal
(Coalition)		 11 March
1996		 3 December
2007		 1996 1st Howard
1998 2nd Howard
2001 3rd Howard
2004 4th Howard
26 Kevin Rudd
(1957–)		 Labor 3 December
2007		 24 June
2010		 2007 1st Rudd
27 Julia Gillard
(1961–)		 Labor 24 June
2010		 27 June
2013		 — 1st Gillard
2010 2nd Gillard
(26) Kevin Rudd
(1957–)		 Labor 27 June
2013		 18 September
2013		 — 2nd Rudd
28 Tony Abbott
(1957–)		 Liberal
(Coalition)		 18 September
2013		 15 September
2015		 2013 Abbott
29 Malcolm Turnbull
(1954–)		 Liberal
(Coalition)		 15 September
2015		 24 August
2018		 — 1st Turnbull
2016 2nd Turnbull
30 Scott Morrison
(1968–)		 Liberal
(Coalition)		 24 August
2018		 Incumbent — 1st Morrison
2019 2nd Morrison

See also
  • Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
  • List of Prime Ministers of Australia
  • List of Prime Ministers of Australia by age
  • List of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office
  • List of Prime Ministers of Australia (graphical)
  • Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia
  • Prime Ministers Avenue in Horse Chestnut Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens contains a collection of bronze busts of former Australian prime ministers.
  • Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia
  • List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition
  • List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II
  • List of Commonwealth heads of government
  • List of Privy Counsellors (1952–present)
  • Prime Minister's XI

References
  1. "Heads of State, Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs" (PDF). UN. United Nations Foreign and Protocol Service.
  2. Australia's Constitution : With Overview and Notes by the Australian Government Solicitor (Pocket ed.). Canberra: Parliamentary Education Office and Australian Government Solicitor. 2010. p. v. ISBN 9781742293431.
  3. "9 - Motions". House of Representatives Practice, 6th Ed – HTML version. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  4. Maiden, Samantha (6 June 2019). "Scott Morrison gets $11,000 pay rise on the day workers lose penalty rates". The New Daily.
  5. Crowe, David (24 August 2018). "Scott Morrison sworn in as Prime Minister but policy direction and election strategy remains uncertain". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  6. "Scott Morrison sworn in as Prime Minister". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  7. "No. 14 - Ministers in the Senate". Senate Briefs. Parliament of Australia. December 2016.
  8. Kerr, John. "Statement from John Kerr (dated 11 November 1975) explaining his decisions". WhitlamDismissal.com. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  9. "The Premiers' Conference - Text of the Resolutions". The Age. 23 August 1898. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  10. "Prime Minister: Roles, Powers and Restraints". Australian Politics.
  11. "Administrative Arrangements Order" (PDF). Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Commonwealth of Australia. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  12. https://www.coag.gov.au/about-coag
  13. "Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and MPs in line to get a 3% pay rise".
  14. Hudson, Phillip (25 August 2010). "Politicians awarded secret pay rise". Herald Sun. Australia.
  15. Archived 13 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  16. "Tony Abbott defends increase in MP salary, saying he's working hard for every Australian". Herald Sun. 5 July 2012.
  17. Peatling, Stephanie (14 June 2013). "PM's salary tops $500,000". Sydney Morning Herald.
  18. Mannheim, Markus (10 December 2015). "Politicians, judges and top public servants to gain 2% pay rise after wage freeze". Canberra Times.
  19. "Politicians under fire for pay increases while penalty rates cut, One Nation wants to reject rise". 23 June 2017.
  20. "What do Federal Members of Parliament get paid?". Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  21. "Parliamentary Offices". Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  22. Canberra Times, 18 August 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2018
  23. Metherell, Mark (19 February 2008). "Rudds' staff extends to a child carer at the Lodge". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  24. CarAdvice.com.au (6 April 2009). "25% of government car fleet foreign made". Car Advice. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  25. Hutchens, Gareth (7 February 2017). "Malcolm Turnbull to scrap Life Gold Pass for former MPs". the Guardian.
  26. "'Does Australia have a parliamentary line of succession to the Prime Minister and if so, what is the order?'". Parliamentary Education Office. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  27. "The Ministry". House of Representatives Practice (7th ed.). Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  28. "Watt, William Alexander (1871–1946)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. 12. 1990.
  29. Beddie, B. (1988). "Pearce, Sir George Foster (1870–1952)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. 11.
  30. Norris, R. (1981). "Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  31. Crowley, F.K. "Cook, Sir Joseph (1860–1947)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  32. Robertson, J. R. (1981). "Fenton, James Edward (1864–1950)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. 8.
  33. Crowley, Frank. "Forrest, Sir John (1847–1918)". Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  34. Arklay, Tracey M. (2010). Arthur Fadden: A Political Silhouette (PDF) (PhD thesis). Griffith University. p. 196.
  35. Cox, Lisa. "The 'special moment' seven surviving Prime Ministers were photographed together".
  36. "After office". naa.gov.au.
  37. "Prime Minister of Australia". Australian Policy Online. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015.
  38. Nairn, Bede (1990). "Watson, John Christian (1867–1941)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 21 October 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  39. "McEwen, Sir John (1900–1980)". Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  40. "McMahon, Sir William (Billy) (1908–1988)". Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  41. Martin, A. W. "Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) (1894–1978)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 22 November 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.

Further reading
  • Abjorensen, Norman (2015). The Manner of Their Going: Prime Ministerial Exits from Lyne to Abbott. Australian Scholarly. ISBN 9781925333213.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Grattan, Michelle (2016). Australian Prime Ministers. New Holland. ISBN 9781742579337.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hughes, Colin (1976). Mr Prime Minister: Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195504712.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Strangio, Paul (2013). "Evaluating Prime-Ministerial Performance: The Australian Experience". In Strangio, Paul; 't Hart, Paul; Walter, James (eds.). Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199666423.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Strangio, Paul; 't Hart, Paul; Walter, James (2016). Settling the Office: The Australian Prime Ministership from Federation to Reconstruction. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522868722.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Strangio, Paul; 't Hart, Paul; Walter, James (2017). The Pivot of Power: Australian Prime Ministers and Political Leadership, 1949-2016. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522868746.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Whitington, Don (1972). Twelfth Man?. Jacaranda Press. ISBN 0701605855.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Library resources about
Prime Minister of Australia
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