Poppy

Poppies are herbaceous annual, biennial or short-lived perennial plants. Some species are monocarpic, dying after flowering. Poppies can be over a metre tall with flowers up to 15 centimetres across. Flowers of species (not cultivars) have 4 to 6 petals, many stamens forming a conspicuous whorl in the center of the flower and an ovary of from 2 to many fused carpels. The petals are showy, may be of almost any color and some have markings. The petals are crumpled in the bud and as blooming finishes, the petals often lie flat before falling away. In the temperate zones, poppies bloom from spring into early summer.[1] Most species secrete latex when injured. Bees use poppies as a pollen source. The pollen of the oriental poppy, Papaver orientale, is dark blue, that of the field or corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) is grey to dark green.[2] The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, grows wild in eastern and southern Asia, and South Eastern Europe. It is believed that it originated in the Mediterranean region.[3]

Poppies belong to the subfamily Papaveroideae of the family Papaveraceae, which includes the following genera:

• Papaver – Papaver rhoeas, Papaver somniferum, Papaver orientale, Papaver nudicaule, Papaver cambricum
• Eschscholzia – Eschscholzia californica
• Meconopsis – Meconopsis napaulensis
• Glaucium - the horned poppies including Glaucium flavum and Glaucium corniculatum
• Stylophorum – celandine poppy
• Argemone – prickly poppy
• Romneya – matilija poppy and relatives
• Canbya – pygmy poppy
• Stylomecon – wind poppy
• Arctomecon – desert bearpaw poppy
• Hunnemannia – tulip poppy
• Dendromecon – tree poppy

Plastic Remembrance Day poppies in Canada

Poppy (Canadian version) worn on the lapel

The flowers of most poppy species are attractive and are widely cultivated as annual or perennial ornamental plants. This has resulted in a number of commercially important cultivars, such as the Shirley poppy, a cultivar of Papaver rhoeas and semi-double or double (flore plena) forms of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum and oriental poppy (Papaver orientale). Poppies of several other genera are also cultivated in gardens. A few species have other uses, principally as sources of drugs and foods. The opium poppy is widely cultivated and its worldwide production is monitored by international agencies. It is used for production of dried latex and opium, the principal precursor of narcotic and analgesic opiates such as morphine, heroin and codeine. Poppy seeds are rich in oil, carbohydrates, calcium and protein. Poppy oil is often used as cooking oil, salad dressing oil, or in products such as margarine. Poppy oil can also be added to spices for cakes, or breads. Poppy products are also used in different paints, varnishes, and some cosmetics.[4]

Poppies have long been used as a symbol of sleep, peace, and death: Sleep because the opium extracted from them is a sedative, and death because of the common blood-red color of the red poppy in particular. In Greek and Roman myths, poppies were used as offerings to the dead.[10] Poppies used as emblems on tombstones symbolize eternal sleep. This symbolism was evoked in the children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which a magical poppy field threatened to make the protagonists sleep forever.[10] A second interpretation of poppies in Classical mythology is that the bright scarlet color signifies a promise of resurrection after death.[11]

The poppy of wartime remembrance is Papaver rhoeas, the red-flowered corn poppy. This poppy is a common plant of disturbed ground in Europe and is found in many locations, including Flanders, which is the setting of the famous poem "In Flanders Fields" by the Canadian surgeon and soldier John McCrae. In Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States,[12] Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, artificial poppies (plastic in Canada, paper in the UK, Australia, South Africa, Malta and New Zealand) are worn to commemorate those who died in war. This form of commemoration is associated with Remembrance Day, which falls on November 11. In Canada, Australia and the UK, poppies are often worn from the beginning of November through to the 11th, or Remembrance Sunday if that falls on a later date. In New Zealand and Australia, soldiers are also commemorated on ANZAC day (April 25),[13] although the poppy is still commonly worn around Remembrance Day. Wearing of poppies has been a custom since 1924 in the United States. Miss Moina Michael of Georgia is credited as the founder of the Memorial Poppy in the United States.[14][15][16]

Red-flowered poppy is unofficially considered the national flower of the Albanians in Albania, Kosovo and elsewhere. This is due to its red and black colors, the same as the colors of the flag of Albania.

The California poppy, Eschscholzia californica, is the state flower of California.

The powerful symbolism of Papaver rhoeas has been borrowed by various advocacy campaigns, such as the White Poppy and Simon Topping's black poppy.

Papaver somniferum was domesticated by the indigenous people of Western and Central Europe between 6000 and 3500 BC.[17] However, it is believed that its origins may come from the Sumerian people, where the first use of opium was recognized.[18] Poppies and opium made their way around the world along the silk road.[19] Juglets resembling poppy seed pods have been discovered with trace amounts of opium and the flower appeared in jewelry and on art pieces in Egypt, dated 1550-1292 BC.[20][21]

The eradication of poppy cultivation came about in the early 1900s through international conferences due to safety concerns associated with the production of opium. In the 1970s the American war on drugs targeted Turkish production of the plant, leading to a more negative popular opinion of the U.S.[22]

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  Opium poppy with seed head
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  Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
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  Opium poppy seed capsule
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  Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) seeds
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  California Poppy
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  Poppies near Kelling, North Norfolk, UK, June 2002
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  Himalayan blue poppy near Gumburanjon in Zanskar, India, July 2008
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  White poppy seeds. There are about 140,000 poppy seeds to the ounce.[23]
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  California poppy seeds
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  Red poppy flower
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  Field poppies, by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, c. 1912
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  Turkish poppy-seed cake
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  Prekmurska gibanica, a Slovenian layered pastry containing poppy seeds, walnuts, apples, raisins, and quark fillings
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  Poppy seed roll, a popular Central European pastry
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  Kutia, a sweet grain pudding traditionally served in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia
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  Childe Hassam, Poppies on the Isles of Shoals, 1890, Brooklyn Museum

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Poppies

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Papaveraceae.

• "In Flanders Fields"
• Poppy goddess
• Remembrance poppy
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
• White poppy