Olympia, Washington

Olympia is the capital of the U.S. state of Washington and the county seat and largest city of Thurston County.[6] European settlers claimed the area in 1846, with the Treaty of Medicine Creek initiated in 1854, and the Treaty of Olympia initiated in January 1856.[7]

Olympia
State capital and city
City of Olympia
(From top) Old Capitol Building, East Olympia, Interstate 5 at the junction of U.S. Route 101, Port of Olympia, Downtown from Capitol Lake, Washington State Capitol, Salmon sculpture, Mount Rainier, Olympic Mountains and Swantown Marina, Percival Landing Park.
Nickname(s): 
Oly
Location within Thurston County in Washington
Olympia
Location within the United States
Coordinates: 47°2′16″N 122°54′3″W
CountryUnited States
StateWashington
CountyThurston
IncorporatedJanuary 28, 1859
Named forOlympic Mountains
Government
 • TypeCouncil/City Manager
 • MayorCheryl Selby (D)
Area
 • City20.08 sq mi (52.00 km2)
 • Land18.22 sq mi (47.18 km2)
 • Water1.86 sq mi (4.81 km2)
Elevation
95 ft (29 m)
Population
 • City46,478
 • Estimate 
(2018)[4]
52,555
 • RankUS: 741st
WA: 23rd
 • Density2,884.94/sq mi (1,113.88/km2)
 • Urban
176,617 (US: 195th)
 • Metro
286,419 (US: 169th
Demonym(s)Olympian
Time zonePacific
 • Summer (DST)Pacific
ZIP codes
98501-98599
Area code(s)360
FIPS code53-51300
GNIS feature ID1533353[5]
Websitewww.olympiawa.gov

Olympia was incorporated as a town on January 28, 1859, and as a City in 1882.[8] The population was 46,479 as of the 2010 census, making it the 24th largest city in the state. The city borders Lacey to the east and Tumwater to the south. Olympia is a cultural center of the southern Puget Sound region. Olympia is located 60 miles (100 km) southwest of Seattle, the largest city in the state of Washington.

History
Old State Capitol Building and Sylvester Park

The site of Olympia has been home to Lushootseed-speaking peoples known as the Steh-Chass (or Stehchass; who became part of the post-treaty Squaxin Island Tribe) for thousands of years. Other Native Americans regularly visited the head of Budd Inlet and the Steh-Chass including the other ancestor tribes of the Squaxin, as well as the Nisqually, Puyallup, Chehalis, Suquamish, and Duwamish. The first recorded Europeans came to Olympia in 1792. Peter Puget and a crew from the British Vancouver Expedition are said to have explored the site, but neither recorded any encounters with the resident Indigenous population here. In 1846, Edmund Sylvester and Levi Smith jointly claimed the land that is now downtown Olympia. In 1851, the U.S. Congress established the Customs District of Puget Sound for Washington Territory and Olympia became the home of the customs house. Its population steadily expanded from Oregon Trail immigrants. In 1850, the town settled on the name Olympia, at the suggestion of local resident Colonel Isaac N. Ebey,[9] because of its view of the Olympic Mountains to the Northwest. The area began to be served by a small fleet of steamboats known as the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet.

Over the course of two days, December 24–26, 1854, Governor Isaac I. Stevens negotiated the Treaty of Medicine Creek with the representatives of the Nisqually, Puyallup, Squawksin, Steh'Chass, Noo-Seh-Chatl, Squi-Aitl, T'Peeksin, Sah-Heh-Wa-Mish, and S'Hotl-Ma-Mish tribes. Stevens' treaty included the preservation of Indigenous fishing, hunting, gathering and other rights. It also included a section which, at least as interpreted by United States officials, required the Native American signatories to move to one of three reservations. Doing so would effectively force the Nisqually people to cede their prime farming and living space. One of the leaders of the Nisqually, Chief Leschi, outraged, refused to give up ownership of this land and instead fought for his peoples' right to their territory, sparking the beginning of the Puget Sound War. The war ended in the controversial execution of Leschi.

In 1896, Olympia became the home of the Olympia Brewing Company, which brewed Olympia Beer until 2003.

The 1949 Olympia earthquake damaged many historic buildings beyond repair, and they were demolished. Parts of the city also suffered damage from earthquakes in 1965 and 2001.

Recent mayors
Mayor[10]FromTo
David SkramstadSeptember 1982December 1985
William DaleyJanuary 1986December 1987
Holly GadbawJanuary 1988December 1989
Rex DerrJanuary 1990December 1991
David SkramstadJanuary 1992December 1993
Bob JacobsJanuary 1994December 1999
Stan BilesJanuary 2000December 2003
Mark FoutchJanuary 2004December 2007
Doug MahJanuary 2008December 2011
Stephen BuxbaumJanuary 2012December 2015
Cheryl SelbyJanuary 2016present

Geography and climate
Astronaut Photography of Olympia Washington taken from the International Space Station (ISS)

Olympia is located at 47°2′33″N 122°53′35″W (47.042418, −122.893077).[11]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.68 square miles (50.97 km2), of which 17.82 sq mi (46.15 km2) are land and 1.86 sq mi (4.82 km2) are water.[12]

The city of Olympia is located at the southern end of Puget Sound on Budd Inlet. The Deschutes River estuary was dammed in 1951 to create Capitol Lake. Much of the lower area of downtown Olympia sits on reclaimed land. The cities of Lacey and Tumwater border Olympia.

The region surrounding Olympia has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb), whereas the local microclimate has dry summers and cool July and August overnight lows. It is part of USDA Hardiness zone 8a, with isolated pockets around Puget Sound falling under zone 8b.[13] Most of western Washington's weather is brought in by weather systems that form near the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. It contains cold moist air, which brings western Washington cold rain, cloudiness, and fog. November through January are Olympia's rainiest months. City streets, creeks, and rivers can flood during the months of November through February. The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 38.4 °F (3.6 °C) in December to 64.1 °F (17.8 °C) in August. Seasonal snowfall for 1981–2010 averaged 10.8 inches (27.4 cm)[14] but has historically ranged from trace amounts in 1991–92 to 81.5 in (207 cm) in 1968–69.[14]

Olympia averages 50 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation annually and has a year-round average of 75% cloud cover. Annual precipitation has ranged from 29.92 in (760 mm) in 1952 to 66.71 in (1,694 mm) in 1950; for water year (October 1 – September 30) precipitation, the range is 32.71 in (831 mm) in 2000–01 to 72.57 in (1,843 mm) in 1998–99.[14] With a period of record dating back to 1948, extreme temperatures have ranged from −8 °F (−22 °C) on January 1, 1979, up to 104 °F (40 °C), most recently on July 29, 2009; the record cold daily maximum is 18 °F (−8 °C) on January 31, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 69 °F (21 °C) on July 22, 2006.[14] On average, there are 6.3 days annually with temperatures reaching 90 °F (32 °C), 1.8 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day, and 78 nights where the low reaches the freezing mark.[14] The average window for freezing temperatures is October 8 through May 3, allowing a growing season of 157 days, nearly 100 days shorter than in nearby Seattle.[14]

Parks
The "sprayground" at Woodruff Park on Olympia's westside.

Olympia has a wide array of public parks and nature conservation areas. The Woodard Bay Natural Resources Conservation Area is a 600-acre (2.4 km2) parcel that preserves more than 5 miles (8.0 km) of Puget Sound waterfront along the Woodard and Chapman Bays of the Henderson Inlet. Percival Landing Park includes 0.9 miles (1.4 km) of boardwalk along Budd Inlet, as well as a playground, picnic areas, and a large open space. The boardwalk leads north to an open-air ampitheater, a viewing tower beside the Port of Olympia, as well as the Olympia Farmers' Market. Percival Landing closed in 2010 for an extensive remodel after saltwater degradation and opened again to the public in the summer of 2011. Watershed Park is the site of the former waterworks for the city and today has a loop trail with a large second-growth forest. Other parks include Priest Point Park, Burfoot Park, Woodruff Park, Sunrise Park, and Yauger Park, which is home to one of Olympia's public skate parks, also Friendly Grove, which is nestled in a small Eastside Community, and Trillium Park, which was created by the efforts of adjoining neighborhood associations with the easement of private property. The Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge is located just outside Olympia, as is the Capitol State Forest.

Artesian water

Olympia was historically dependent on artesian waters. Early settlers in Swantown and Tumwater used artesian springs for their main water supply. The artesian spring at Fourth Avenue and Main Street (now called Capitol Way) was the main community well where settlers, as well as the local Steh-Chass and visiting Native Americans, gathered to socialize. Settler accounts recall paying Native Americans to collect water here. The artesian well at Artesian Commons park, a former parking lot, is active.[17] Another still flows at the corner of Olympia Avenue and Washington Street. A small park was constructed around another spring in the Bigelow Neighborhood.[18] The northeast end of Capitol Lake was the location of an artesian well until the construction of a new park that included changes to the shoreline. McAllister Springs, the main water source for Olympia, is fed by artesian wells, and the former Olympia Brewery is supplied by 26 artesian wells.

Efforts to protect and preserve the free flowing artesian well on 4th Ave in downtown Olympia began in 1991 when Jim Ingersoll, a local psychologist, called on the city council to acquire the well and develop it as a community park. Ingersoll's interest in the well started in a conversation with Dick Batdorf, co-founder of Batdorf & Bronson coffee roasting. Batdorf told Ingersoll that the secret to great coffee was great water – specifically artesian water. Subsequently, Ingersoll met at the Spar restaurant with Herb Legg and John Robinson both of whom had worked in the 1950s and 60s to protect the artesian wells in Watershed Park. Legg and Robinson worked behind the scenes to get an article published in the Olympian on February 24, 1992, calling for community support of the well. Ingersoll was flooded with phone calls offering time, talent, resources and money following the publication. Herb Legg and friends sponsored a public meeting at the Library where more than 50 people each donated $50. And a single $3000 donation followed the next day.

With hundreds of people using the well every day, community support grew to become "The Friends of Artesians", an informal organization of advocates who over the course of 20 years mapped and researched the history of artesian wells in Olympia, raised money to test water quality and make improvements to the site and kept the vision of a free flowing community well alive. In the fall of 2008, The Friends announced they would stop testing the water quality after February 2009. These actions renewed interest in protecting the well and led to the creation of H2Olympia, a non-profit organization.[19]

In downtown Olympia, efforts to preserve the use of artesian water at the one remaining public well has been the mission of H2Olympia: Artesian Well Advocates. In 2011, the city of Olympia committed $50,000 towards improvements of an artesian well, located in a parking lot that was purchased by the city the same year.[20] Renovations at the artesian well were completed in late 2011, including surface improvements, solar lighting, and a raised area to fill bottles. In spring of 2012, sea-themed mosaic artwork created by community members was also installed at the site of the well.

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18701,203—
18801,2322.4%
18904,698281.3%
19003,863−17.8%
19106,99681.1%
19207,79511.4%
193011,73350.5%
194013,25413.0%
195015,81919.4%
196018,27315.5%
197023,29627.5%
198027,44717.8%
199033,84023.3%
200042,51425.6%
201046,4789.3%
Est. 201852,555[4]13.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[21]
2018 Estimate[22]

2010 census

As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 46,478 people, 20,761 households, and 10,672 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,608.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,007.0/km2). There were 22,086 housing units at an average density of 1,239.4 per square mile (478.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.7% White, 2.0% African American, 1.1% Native American, 6.0% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 5.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.3% of the population.

There were 20,761 households of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.2% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.6% were other families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.83.

The median age in the city was 38 years. 19.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.7% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 42,514 people, 18,670 households, and 9,968 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,544.4 people per square mile (982.3/km2). There were 19,738 housing units at an average density of 1,181.3 per square mile (456.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 85.3% White, 1.9% African American, 1.3% Native American, 5.8% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.4% of the population. 15.0% were of German, 11.3% Irish, 10.0% English, 6.0% Norwegian and 5.3% American ancestry. 91.6% spoke English, 2.9% Spanish and 1.7% Vietnamese as their first language.

There were 18,670 households out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.6% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the city, the population was spread out with 21.5% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,846, and the median income for a family was $54,136. Males had a median income of $41,267 versus $31,515 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,590. About 6.9% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.4% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

Schools and universities

Olympia's main public school district is the Olympia School District. Olympia School District enrolled 9,231 students in K-12, based on the 2005–06 school year enrollment report. The school district has a total of 18 schools: 11 elementary schools, 4 middle schools and 3 high schools. Its high schools are Olympia High School (formally known as William Winlock Miller High School), Capital High School, and Avanti High School.

In the 2007–2008 school year, Olympia began the new Parent Partnership Program, which provides more opportunities to homeschooling families. Olympia's online high school, Olympia Regional Learning Academy (ORLA), is also part of the same program. Private elementary schools include Olympia Waldorf School, Olympia Community School, St. Michael School, Holy Family, and Evergreen Christian. Private middle schools include Olympia Waldorf School and NOVA School.

In addition to primary and secondary schools, Olympia has a number of institutions of higher learning, including The Evergreen State College and South Puget Sound Community College. The Evergreen State College (TESC) offers bachelor's degrees in Liberal Arts and/or Science, and master's degrees in Environmental Studies, Public Administration, Masters of Education, and Masters in Teaching. The South Puget Sound Community College (SPSCC) offers associate degrees in Arts, Science, Biology, Elementary Education, Pre-Nursing, Applied Science, General Studies, and Business.

Economy

According to Olympia's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[23] the top employers in the county are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 State of Washington 20,000–25,000
2 Local government 10,000–15,000
3 Providence St. Peter Hospital 1,000–5,000
4 Tribal government 1,000–5,000
5 Federal government 500-1,000
6 Kaiser Permanente 500-1,000
7 Walmart 500-1,000
8 Great Wolf Resorts 500-1,000
9 Capital Medical Center 100–500
10 Saint Martin's University 100–500

Arts
The Capitol Theater, home of the Olympia Film Society.

Olympia is a regional center for fine arts. A number of theatrical experiences are available with companies such as Animal Fire Theater, Olympia Family Theater, Theater Artists Olympia (TAO), Olympia Little Theater, and Harlequin Productions at the historic State Theater. The Olympia Symphony Orchestra performs five regular season concerts at the Washington Center and two pop concerts. The Masterworks Chorale Ensemble performs four regular season concerts at the Washington Center for the Performing Arts.

Visual art venues include some of the local coffeehouses, Olympia Coffee Roasting Co., Batdorf & Bronson, and Burial Grounds in downtown. Art House Designs is an art gallery that also hosts a jazz performance space. Murals and public art installations of sculpture are prevalent in Olympia and are especially featured on the State Capitol Campus and along Percival Landing on the urban waterfront. The Washington Center for the Performing Arts also presents visual art exhibitions throughout the season in the spacious lobby areas.

Notable art venues near Olympia include Art in Ecology, housed in Washington Department of Ecology's 322,000-square-foot, three-story building on the campus of Saint Martin's University. Art in Ecology is a long-established art-in-the-workplace venue that has works by numerous northwest artists. Permanent installations by Alfredo Arreguin, commissioned by the Washington State Arts Commission, are accompanied by changing solo and group exhibitions throughout the year. Appointments to view the works are needed; tours take about an hour.

The South Puget Sound Community College has a gallery in its Minnaert Center with rotating exhibitions. The Evergreen State College, northwest of Olympia, has a professionally curated gallery with rotating shows in the Dan Evans Library building. To the south of Olympia, Monarch Contemporary Art Center and Sculpture Park offers an 80-acre sculpture garden and art gallery.

Each year, the Olympia Film Society (OFS) produces a film festival and fosters film and video education in Olympia. It also shows independent, classic, and international films year-round at the art-deco Capitol Theater. A mostly volunteer-powered organization, OFS supports and presents a variety of cultural events, including All Freakin' Night, an all-night horror film screening with a cult following.

On the fourth Saturday in April, in honor of Earth Day, Olympia is host to one of the region's largest community celebrations – the Procession of the Species. Held in conjunction with the city's biannual Arts Walk, the Procession is organized by the community-based non-profit organization, Earthbound Productions, and is the culmination of an annual Community Art Studio that is free and open to the public.[24] In its July 2009 Best of America feature, Reader's Digest magazine honored the Procession of the Species with the top spot in its "can’t resist" parades and processions list.[25][26] Open to all, the Procession of the Species attracts up to 30,000 viewers, while its costumed participants of all ages frequently number nearly 3,000. On the Friday evening before the Procession of Species, a Luminary Procession is held.

Sports

In 1984, Olympia hosted the U.S. Olympic women's marathon trial. The winner of the event was Joan Benoit who would later win a gold medal at the first women's Olympic marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympic games in Los Angeles.

Olympia is the home of the Oly Rollers, the local women's flat track roller derby league whose travel team (the Cosa Nostra Donnas) became the 2009 national champions of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) by winning the national "Declaration of Derby" tournament in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 15, 2009.[27]

Transportation

Rail

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system provides service to Olympia-Lacey at Centennial Station. Amtrak train 11, the southbound Coast Starlight, departs Olympia at 11:21am with service to Centralia; Portland; Sacramento; Emeryville, California (with bus connection to San Francisco); and Los Angeles. Amtrak train 14, the northbound Coast Starlight, departs Olympia at 6:22pm daily with service to Tacoma and Seattle. Amtrak Cascades trains, operating as far north as Vancouver and as far south as Eugene, Oregon, serve Olympia-Lacey several times daily in both directions.

Bus
Intercity Transit Bus 920 on Route 12 to downtown Olympia, Washington.

Olympia, Lacey, Tumwater, and the surrounding area are primarily served by Intercity Transit, with connections to Grays Harbor Transit, Mason Transit Authority, Pierce Transit, and Sound Transit. Intercity Transit maintains a free shuttle route called "Dash".[28] Dash runs from the Capitol Campus to the Farmers Market at the far edge of downtown. Intercity Transit's Olympia Express provides service to Lakewood and Tacoma, with connections to regional bus and commuter rail service.[29] In 2009 Intercity Transit won an award for America's best Public Transportation System in the midsize category by the American Public Transportation Association. The fleet runs entirely on biodiesel fuel and is composed of about 20% biodiesel-electric hybrid buses.[30]

Airport

The Olympia Regional Airport, operated by the Port of Olympia is located just south of Olympia in Tumwater. It serves general aviation as well as corporate aviation. The airport plays host to the Olympic AirShow, a moderate-sized airshow that occurs on Father's Day weekend each year.[31]

Media

Robust journalism in Olympia dates back prior to the incorporation of the Washington Territory in 1853.[32]

The Olympian is the local daily newspaper. The Weekly Volcano has covered Olympia entertainment since 2001. The statewide government channel TVW is based in Olympia. Olympia has had a Public, Educational and Government access television station since 1983, called Thurston Community Media.

In 2012 NorthAmericaTalk.com, an online aggregate for local community news including ThurstonTalk.com, was established with headquarters located in Olympia. Olympia Power and Light is a bi-weekly independent newspaper, while Works in Progress is published monthly, and ThurstonNewsWeather.com covers local crime and emergency radio scanner information.

Notable people
  • US Soccer goalkeeper Kasey Keller was born in Olympia. He played for the Seattle Sounders until 2011, after having had a long career playing in Europe.[33]
  • The 1990s riot grrrl feminist punk movement, which included bands like Bikini Kill and Bratmobile, originated in Olympia.[34]
  • Carrie Brownstein, musician and actress, attended college in Olympia.
  • Entrepreneur Christopher Hedrick, grew up in Olympia and was inducted into the Olympia High School Hall of Fame.
  • Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons, attended The Evergreen State College in Olympia.[35]
  • Don Rich, lead guitarist for Buck Owens was raised in Olympia.
  • Grammy-winning musician Rickie Lee Jones attended high school in Olympia.
  • Nathan and Aaron Weaver of Atmospheric Black Metal band Wolves in the Throne Room live in Olympia.
  • Human rights activist Rachel Corrie was born and raised in Olympia, living there prior to her death in 2003.
  • Geoff Jenkins, Major League Baseball outfielder, was born in Olympia.
  • Calvin Johnson, of the band Beat Happening and founder of Olympia-based record label K Records, lives in Olympia.[36]
  • Peter Kennedy, 5-time national champion, 1952 Winter Olympics silver medalist in pairs figure skating, was born in Olympia.
  • Macklemore, recording artist, attended college in Olympia.
  • Kimya Dawson, singer-songwriter and member of The Moldy Peaches, is a resident of Olympia.[37]
  • USA Rugby player Scott LaValla was born and raised in Olympia and graduated from North Thurston High School. He now plays for Stade Français in Paris, France.[38]
  • Artist Nikki McClure lives in Olympia.[39]
  • New York Times bestselling author Jim Lynch lives in Olympia.[40]
  • Kurt Cobain of the band Nirvana lived at 114 Pear St NE from 1989 to 1991.[41]
  • Jonathan Stewart, NFL Player, grew up in the Olympia metropolitan area (Lacey)[42]
  • Colin O'Brady, Pro endurance athlete and mountain climber, born and grew up in Olympia

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Olympia is twinned with:

There were previous agreements with Olympia, Greece and Samarkand, Uzbekistan but these are no longer in effect.[45]

See also
View from Tumwater Hill
  • Bigelow House
  • Bigelow Neighborhood
  • Capital City Pride – Community Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Festival
  • Capital High School (Washington)
  • Cascadia
  • Washington State Capitol
  • Coast Salish
  • CommonAction – Nonprofit organization located in Olympia
  • Capitol Lakefair – Annual festival in Olympia
  • Music of Washington
  • Native American history of Washington (state)
  • Olympia High School (Washington)
  • Olympia Regional Airport – Located in Tumwater
  • Olympia music scene
  • Port Militarization Resistance
  • Procession of the Species – Annual city parade
  • The Evergreen State College – Higher education institution in Olympia

Notes
  1. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.

References
  1. "2018 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  3. "National 2010 urban area file containing a list of all urbanized areas and urban clusters (including Puerto Rico and the Island Areas) sorted by UACE code". United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. Archived from the original (TXT) on May 16, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
  4. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. June 27, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  5. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  7. "The Treaty of Olympia, Jan. 6, 1856" (PDF). nwifc.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  8. "Olympia's Leadership". http://olympiawa.gov/. January 2, 2018. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018. External link in |website= (help)
  9. "History of Olympia, Washington". olympiawa.gov. July 27, 2012. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  10. City of Olympia – Elected Officials Chronology Archived October 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved September 16, 2012
  11. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  12. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  13. "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
  14. "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  15. "Station Name: WA OLYMPIA AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  16. "WMO Climate Normals for OLYMPIA, WA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  17. City of Olympia. "Real Estate Purchase and Sale Agreement for Acquisition of Diamond Parking Lot, June 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  18. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2016-03-13.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. "Friends of Artesians: Homepage". Archived from the original on 2014-07-04. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
  20. Matt Batcheldor. "City of Olympia Will Protect, Improve Artesian Well". Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
  21. United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  22. "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  23. "City of Olympia CAFR" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-24. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
  24. About the Community Art Studio Archived 2011-05-25 at the Wayback Machine — Official Website of the Procession of the Species. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
  25. Procession of the Species tops Readers Digest list — June 22, 2009. The Olympian. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
  26. 8 People, Places and Things We Love About America Archived 2009-12-26 at the Wayback Machine — Reader's Digest Website. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
  27. Feelgood, Justice (2009-11-22). "Derbynewsnetwork.com". Derbynewsnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-18. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  28. Dash Archived April 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  29. "603, 605, 609, & 612 Weekdays Northbound". Intercitytransit.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
  30.  . "More Hybrid Buses Rolling this Summer". Intercitytransit.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2014-03-24.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  31. "The Olympic Airshow: Come and see the Olympic Airshow at the Olympia Regional Airport!". Olympicflightmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
  32. Bagley, Clarence B. (1905). "Washington Activities in History" . Oregon Historical Quarterly.
  33. "Kasey Keller". mlssoccer.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  34. "Bikini Kill Biography". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
  35. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2019-11-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. "Calvin Johnson (musician)". Olympia Power & Light. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  37. Monica Guzman (December 19, 2007). "Olympia singer Kimya Dawson featured on "Juno" soundtrack". blog.seattlepi.com/. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  38. "Scott LaValla". USA Rugby. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  39. "Nikki McClure". nikkimcclure.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  40. "Bio – Jim Lynch". www.jimlynchbooks.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  41. "Kurt Cobain Apartment". olympiahistory.org. Archived from the original on 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
  42. https://www.theolympian.com/sports/article25312873.html
  43. List of twin towns and sister cities in the State of Palestine
  44. "Nanchang City and Sister Cities Intercommunion". Nanchang Municipal Party Committee of the CPC and Nanchang Municipal Government. Nanchang Economic Information Center. Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  45. "Information on Olympia's former sister cities". Archived from the original on 2007-04-27. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.