List of current monarchs of sovereign states
A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies)[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.[6]
Monarchs are distinguished by their titles and styles, which in most cases are defined by tradition, and guaranteed under the state's constitution. A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, "king" and "queen", "prince" and "princess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,[7] have been applied where typical.
In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family.[6][8] Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia.[9] These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics.[10] Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements, where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members of a royal bloodline.[11][12]
Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respective sovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For current claimants to abolished thrones, see pretenders.
Monarchs by country
Key
Key | Description |
---|---|
Monarch | Name of monarch, preceded by title, with link to list of predecessors. |
Since | Date of assumption of throne; coronation date listed in footnotes. |
House | Name of royal family, with information on bloodline. |
Type | Form of monarchy, with information on role of the monarch within government. |
Succession | Method or pattern of succession, with link to current line of succession. |
Standard | Heraldry attributed to the relevant monarch or monarchy. |
N/A | Denotes where specific field is not applicable. |
— | Denotes where data is not available. |
List
Realm / Kingdom | Image | Monarch (Birth) | Since | Length | House | Type | Heir to the throne | Standard | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-Prince Emmanuel Macron[fn 1] (b. 1977) | 14 May 2017 | 2 years, 341 days | N/A | Constitutional | Ex officio | — | [13][14] | ||
Co-Prince Archbishop Joan Enric Vives Sicília[fn 1] (b. 1949) | 12 May 2003 | 16 years, 343 days | |||||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 1 November 1981[fn 3] | 38 years, 170 days | Windsor[fn 4] | Constitutional | Charles, Prince of Wales | [15][16] | |||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 6 February 1952 | 68 years, 73 days | Constitutional | [15][17] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 10 July 1973[fn 3] | 46 years, 284 days | Constitutional | [15][18] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 30 November 1966[fn 3] | 53 years, 141 days | Constitutional | ||||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 21 September 1981[fn 3] | 38 years, 211 days | Constitutional | [15][19] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 6 February 1952 | 68 years, 73 days | Constitutional | [15][20] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 7 February 1974[fn 3] | 46 years, 72 days | Constitutional | [15][21] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 6 August 1962[fn 3] | 57 years, 257 days | Constitutional | [15][22] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 6 February 1952 | 68 years, 73 days | Constitutional | [15][23] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 16 September 1975[fn 5] | 44 years, 216 days | Constitutional | [15][24] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 19 September 1983[fn 3] | 36 years, 213 days | Constitutional | [15][25] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 22 February 1979[fn 3] | 41 years, 57 days | Constitutional | [15][26] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 27 October 1979[fn 3] | 40 years, 175 days | Constitutional | [15][27] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 7 July 1978[fn 3] | 41 years, 287 days | Constitutional | [15][28] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 1 October 1978[fn 3] | 41 years, 201 days | Constitutional | [15][29] | |||||
Queen Elizabeth II[fn 2] (b. 1926) | 6 February 1952[fn 6] | 68 years, 73 days | Constitutional | [15] | |||||
King Hamad bin Isa (b. 1950) | 6 March 1999[fn 8] | 21 years, 44 days | Al Khalifa[fn 9] | Mixed | Salman, Crown Prince of Bahrain | [31] | |||
King Philippe (b. 1960) | 21 July 2013 | 6 years, 273 days | Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[fn 4] | Constitutional | Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant[fn 10] | [36] | |||
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel (b. 1980) | 14 December 2006[fn 11] | 13 years, 126 days | Wangchuck | Constitutional | Jigme Namgyel | — | [38] | ||
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (b. 1946) | 4 October 1967[fn 12] | 52 years, 198 days | Bolkiah | Absolute | Al-Muhtadee Billah | [39] | |||
King Norodom Sihamoni (b. 1953) | 14 October 2004[fn 13] | 15 years, 188 days | Norodom[fn 14] | Constitutional | Hereditary and elective[fn 15] | [41] | |||
Queen Margrethe II (b. 1940) | 14 January 1972 | 48 years, 96 days | Glücksburg[fn 16] | Constitutional | Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark | [45] | |||
King Mswati III (b. 1968) | 25 April 1986 | 33 years, 360 days | Dlamini | Absolute | Hereditary and elective[fn 17] | [48] | |||
Emperor Naruhito[fn 18] (b. 1960) | 1 May 2019[fn 19] | 354 days | Yamato[fn 20] | Constitutional | Fumihito, Prince Akishino | [54] | |||
King Abdullah II (b. 1962) | 7 February 1999[fn 21] | 21 years, 72 days | Hāshim | Constitutional | Hereditary and elective (presumably Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan)[fn 22] | [57][58] | |||
Emir Sabah al-Ahmad (b. 1929) | 29 January 2006 | 14 years, 81 days | Al Sabah[fn 9] | Constitutional | Hereditary and elective[fn 23] | — | [62] | ||
King Letsie III (b. 1963) | 7 February 1996[fn 24] | 24 years, 72 days | Moshesh | Constitutional | Lerotholi Seeiso | [63][64] | |||
Prince Regnant Hans-Adam II (b. 1945) (Regent: The Hereditary Prince Alois) |
13 November 1989[fn 25] | 30 years, 158 days | Liechtenstein | Constitutional | The Hereditary Prince Alois (currently Prince Regent) | [66] | |||
Grand Duke Henri (b. 1955) | 7 October 2000[fn 26] | 19 years, 195 days | Luxembourg-Nassau[fn 27] | Constitutional | Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg | — | [68] | ||
Yang di-Pertuan Agong Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin[fn 28] (b. 1959) | 31 January 2019[fn 29] | 1 year, 79 days | Pahang | Constitutional | Elective (presumably the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah)[fn 30] | [74] | |||
Sovereign Prince Albert II (b. 1958) | 6 April 2005[fn 31] | 15 years, 13 days | Grimaldi | Constitutional | Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco | [78] | |||
King Mohammed VI (b. 1963) | 23 July 1999[fn 32] | 20 years, 271 days | Alawi | Constitutional | Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco | [80] | |||
King Willem-Alexander (b. 1967) | 30 April 2013 | 6 years, 355 days | Orange-Nassau[fn 33] | Constitutional | Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange | [83] | |||
King Harald V (b. 1937) |
17 January 1991[fn 34] | 29 years, 93 days | Glücksburg[fn 16] | Constitutional | Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway | [84] | |||
Sultan Haitham bin Tariq (b. 1954) | 11 January 2020 | 99 days | Al Said | Absolute | Hereditary (presumably Theyazin bin Haitham) | [85][86] | |||
Emir Tamim bin Hamad (b. 1980) | 25 June 2013 | 6 years, 299 days | Al Thani | Mixed[fn 35] | Abdullah bin Hamad | — | [88] | ||
King Salman bin Abdulaziz (b. 1935) | 23 January 2015 | 5 years, 87 days | Al Saud | Absolute | Mohammad bin Salman[fn 36] | [90] | |||
King Felipe VI (b. 1968) | 19 June 2014 | 5 years, 305 days | Bourbon | Constitutional | Leonor, Princess of Asturias | [91] | |||
King Carl XVI Gustaf (b. 1946) | 15 September 1973[fn 37] | 46 years, 217 days | Bernadotte | Constitutional | Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden | [93] | |||
King Vajiralongkorn[fn 38] (b. 1952) | 13 October 2016[fn 39] | 3 years, 189 days | Chakri | Constitutional | Dipangkorn Rasmijoti | [98] | |||
King Tupou VI (b. 1959) | 18 March 2012 | 8 years, 32 days | Tupou[fn 40] | Constitutional | Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala | [100] | |||
President Khalifa bin Zayed (b. 1948) | 3 November 2004 | 15 years, 168 days | Al Nahyan[fn 41] | Mixed[fn 42] | Elective and hereditary[fn 43] | [104] | |||
Pope Francis[fn 44] (b. 1936) | 13 March 2013 | 7 years, 37 days | N/A | Absolute theocracy | Elective | [105] |
See also
|
Notes
- The president of France and the bishop of Urgell each hold the position of co-prince of Andorra, but there is no personal title attached to the role.
- Elizabeth II is currently queen regnant of sixteen separate Commonwealth realms (see separate entries), and has previously reigned as queen of sixteen other countries, which have since abolished the monarchy.
- Elizabeth II previously reigned over this country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
- The royal family of Belgium and the House of Windsor are both lines of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,[33][34] which is a branch of the House of Wettin.[35]
- Elizabeth II previously reigned over Papua New Guinea as Queen of Australia, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
- Coronation took place 2 June 1953.[30]
- Lower flag is for use in Scotland only, upper flag is used in England, Northern Ireland and Wales.
- Hamad bin Isa reigned as Amir of the State of Bahrain until 14 February 2002, when he assumed the new title of King of Bahrain under a new Constitution.[31]
- A clan of the Utub tribe.[32]
- The Belgian monarch does not automatically assume the throne at the death or abdication of their predecessor; they only become monarch upon taking a constitutional oath
- Coronation took place 6 November 2008.[37]
- Coronation took place 1 August 1968.[39]
- Coronation took place 29 October 2004.[40]
- A branch of the Varman dynasty. The surname "Norodom" is used by the descendants of Norodom I.[41][42]
- The king is selected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne from amongst the male descendants of kings Ang Duong, Norodom, and Sisowath.[43]
- Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.[44]
- Succession is subject to customary law, and does not follow primogeniture. A council of elders selects who among the reigning king's wives will be mother of the next king. This woman will succeed as Ndlovukati upon her son's ascension to throne, and will rule alongside him for the duration of his reign. The king's first two wives are considered ineligible.[46][47]
- "Naruhito" is the current emperor's given name, but it is not his regnal name, and he is never referred to as this in Japanese. The era of Naruhito's reign bears the name "Reiwa", and according to custom he will be renamed "Emperor Reiwa" following his death.[49]
- The formal coronation ceremony was held on 22 October 2019.[50]
- The Japanese emperor does not have a family name.[51][52] The use of the name "Yamato" for the household derives from the ancient Yamato Court.[53] It is used often as a name for the imperial dynasty, but has no official basis.
- Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.[55]
- Succession is based upon primogeniture. However, the reigning king may also select his successor from among eligible princes.[56]
- The heir is appointed by the reigning emir, and the nomination must also be approved by a majority of members in the National Assembly.[59] The throne is also traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family: the Al Salem and Al Jaber.[60][61] The current emir is of the Al Jaber branch.
- Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.[63]
- Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.[65] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.[66] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.[67]
- Prior to formal enthronement, Henri had served as prince regent since 4 March 1998.[68]
- The royal family of Luxembourg are members of the House of Nassau-Weilburg,[69] descended from the House of Nassau and the Parma branch of the House of Bourbon.
- Official title: Yang di-Pertuan Agong. It roughly translates as "Supreme Head of State", and is commonly rendered in English as "King".[70]
- Elected on 24 January 2019.[71] Term of office started on 31 January 2019.[72]
- The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from amongst the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states, who form the Council of Rulers. The position has to date been, by informal agreement, systematically rotated between the nine; the order was originally based on seniority.[73]
- Albert II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.[75][76] He had previously been serving as regent since 31 March 2005.[77]
- Coronation took place 30 July 1999.[79]
- The Dutch royal family is descended from the Houses of Nassau and Lippe. [81][82]
- Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.[84]
- Monarchy is constitutional by law, but remains absolute in practice.[87]
- Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions:[89]
- Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.[92]
- Name is also written as Mahawachiralongkon.[94] He is also styled Rama X.[95]
- Vajiralongkorn was proclaimed King on 1 December 2016 with retroactive effect to the date of his father's death.[95] The coronation took place from 4 – 6 May 2019.[96][97]
- A line of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.[99][100]
- The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.[101]
- The Prime Minister is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains considerable power.[102]
- According to the Constitution, the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.[102] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi (see constituent monarchs), which makes it a de facto hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Sheikh of Dubai.[103]
- As Sovereign of the Vatican City State, by virtue of being Bishop of Rome.
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External links
- Buyers, Christopher. "The Royal Ark: Royal and Ruling Houses of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas".
- Soszynski, Henry. "Genealogical Gleanings: Royal and Noble Lineages". University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011.