List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients

The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" to members of the British armed forces. It may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command although no civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch. These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.

Canadian William Hall was the first black recipient of the Victoria Cross.

Background

Established in 1856, the Victoria Cross has been awarded to service personnel for extraordinary valour and devotion to duty while facing a hostile force. Between 1858 and 1881 the Victoria Cross could also be awarded for actions taken "under circumstances of extreme danger" not in the face of the enemy.[1] Six people were awarded Victoria Crosses under this clause – one Irish man in 1866 for actions taken during the Fenian raids; five (a Canadian, three Irish and an English man) for a single incident in 1867 during the Andaman Islands Expedition. In 1881, VC regulations were amended to only allow acts "in the presence of the enemy".[1][2]

Since 1993, Canadians have no longer been eligible for the Victoria Cross: that medal has been superseded by the Canadian Victoria Cross – of equal honour, but yet to be awarded.[3] The scroll of the Canadian medal differs in that the inscription is in Latin rather than English; by using a language that is an ancestor of French and has greatly contributed to the development of English, the medal avoids linguistic discrimination between Canada's two official languages. The fleur-de-lis, in heraldry long associated with the French crown has been added at the end each scroll. The actual metal of the medal is a distinct Canadian composition.[4]

Summary

The Victoria Cross has been presented to 96 Canadians, or people closely associated with Canada, between its creation for acts performed during the Crimean War and 1993 when the Canadian Victoria Cross was instituted. No Canadian has received either honour since 1945.[5]

The first Canadian to be awarded the Victoria Cross was Alexander Roberts Dunn for his actions at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War in 1854. William Hall, a Nova Scotian, was the first black recipient of the Victoria Cross.[6] The last living Canadian recipient of the British Victoria Cross, "Smokey" Smith, died in August 2005.[7]

Seventy-three Victoria Crosses were awarded to Canadians for their actions in the First World War, and Canadians won sixteen VCs during the Second World War. The remaining recipients were awarded the medal for actions performed in the Crimean War (Battle of Balaclava), the Indian Mutiny (the Indian Rebellion of 1857), a native uprising at a remote Indian Ocean island during the Andaman Islands Expedition, the Battle of Omdurman during the Sudan Campaign of 1896-99, and the Second Boer War.

Timothy O'Hea, a 23-year-old Irishman in the British army, fought a fire in a railway car containing 900 kilograms of ammunition stationed at Danville, Quebec during the Fenian raids.[8] O'Hea is the only VC recipient awarded for actions on Canadian soil.[9]

Seven Canadians were awarded VCs individually on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions they performed along the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras, France: Bellenden Hutcheson, Arthur George Knight, William Henry Metcalf, Claude Nunney, Cyrus Wesley Peck, Walter Leigh Rayfield and John Francis Young. Their acts of exceptional valour were performed during Canada's Hundred Days of successful offensive campaigning that helped end the war.

Recipients

(This list is arranged alphabetically when first opened but the order can be changed to other criteria such as date of valourous action, by clicking in box at top of each column.)

  This along with the *, indicates that the Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously

NameDate of actionConflictUnitPerpetuating UnitPlace of actionProvince of originNotes
Wallace Algie1918*First World War20th Battalion, CEFThe Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)Cambrai, FranceOntario[10]
William Barker1918First World WarNo. 201 Squadron RAFNoneForêt de Mormal, FranceManitoba[11]
Colin Barron1917First World War3rd Battalion, CEFRoyal Regiment of CanadaPasschendaele, BelgiumOntario[12]
Ian Bazalgette1944*Second World WarNo. 115 Squadron RAFNo. 115 Squadron RAFTrossy St. Maximin, FranceAlberta[13]
Edward Bellew1915First World War7th Battalion, CEFBritish Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)Kerselaere, BelgiumBritish Columbia[14]
Philip Bent1917*First World WarLeicestershire RegimentB Company, Second Battalion, Royal Anglian RegimentPolygon Wood, BelgiumNova Scotia[15]
William Bishop1917First World WarNo. 60 Squadron RAFNo. 60 Squadron RAFCambrai, FranceOntario[16]
Rowland Bourke1918First World WarRoyal Naval Volunteer ReserveRoyal Naval Volunteer ReserveOstend, BelgiumBritish Columbia[17]
Alexander Brereton1918First World War8th Battalion, CEFRoyal Winnipeg RiflesAmiens, FranceManitoba[18]
Jean Brillant1918*First World War22nd Battalion, CEFRoyal 22nd RegimentMeharicourt, FranceQuebec[19]
Harry Brown1917*First World War10th Battalion, CEFRoyal Winnipeg Rifles and Calgary HighlandersLoos, FranceOntario[20]
Hugh Cairns1918*First World War[note 1]46th Battalion, CEFSaskatchewan DragoonsValenciennes, FranceSaskatchewan[21]
Frederick Campbell1915*First World War1st Battalion, CEFRoyal Canadian RegimentGivenchy, FranceOntario[22]
William Clark-Kennedy1918First World War24th Battalion, CEFVictoria Rifles of CanadaFresnes, FranceQuebec[23]
Leo Clarke1916*First World War2nd Battalion, CEFGovernor General's Foot GuardsPozières, FranceManitoba[24][note 2]
Hampden Cockburn1900Second Boer WarRoyal Canadian DragoonsRoyal Canadian DragoonsKomati River, South AfricaOntario[25]
Robert Combe1917*First World War27th Battalion, CEFRoyal Winnipeg RiflesAcheville, FranceSaskatchewan[26]
Frederick Coppins1918First World War8th Battalion, CEFRoyal Winnipeg RiflesHackett Woods, FranceManitoba[27]
Aubrey Cosens1945*Second World WarQueen's Own Rifles of CanadaQueen's Own Rifles of CanadaMooshof, GermanyOntario[28]
John Croak1918*First World War13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEFBlack Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of CanadaAmiens, FranceNova Scotia[29].[note 3][30]
Robert Cruickshank1918First World WarLondon RegimentLondon RegimentJordan, PalestineManitoba[31][note 4]
David Currie1944Second World War29th Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (South Alberta Regiment)South Alberta Light HorseBattle of Falaise, FranceSaskatchewan[32]
Raymond de Montmorency1898Battle of Omdurman, Sudan Campaign21st Lancers17th/21st LancersOmdurman, SudanQuebec[33][note 5]
Edmund De Wind1918*First World WarRoyal Irish RiflesRoyal Irish Regiment (1992)Groagie, FranceAlberta[34][note 6]
Thomas Dinesen1918First World War42nd Battalion, CEFBlack Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of CanadaParvillers, Francen/a[35][note 7]
Campbell Douglas1867Bravery at Sea, Andaman Islands Expedition24th Regiment of FootSouth Wales BorderersLittle Andaman, IndiaOntario[36][note 8]
Alexander Dunn1854Battle of Balaclava, Crimean War33rd Regiment of FootYorkshire RegimentBalaclava, CrimeaOntario[37][note 4]
[note 9]
Frederick Fisher1915*First World War13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEFBlack Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of CanadaSt. Julien, BelgiumOntario[38]
Gordon Flowerdew1918*First World WarLord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)Bois de Moreuil, FranceBritish Columbia[39]
John Foote1942Second World War1st Battalion, The Royal Hamilton Light InfantryRoyal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)Dieppe, FranceOntario[40]
Herman Good1918First World War13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEFBlack Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of CanadaHangard Wood, FranceNew Brunswick[41]
Robert Gray1945*Second World WarFleet Air ArmFleet Air ArmHonshū, JapanBritish Columbia[42][note 10]
Milton Gregg1918First World WarRoyal Canadian RegimentRoyal Canadian RegimentCambrai, FranceNew Brunswick[43]
Frederick Hall1915*First World War8th Battalion (90th Winnipeg Rifles), CEFRoyal Winnipeg RiflesYpres, BelgiumManitoba[44][note 2]
William Hall1857Indian rebellion of 1857HMS ShannonnoneLucknow, IndiaNova Scotia[45]
Robert Hanna1917First World War29th Battalion, CEFBritish Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)Lens, FranceBritish Columbia[46]
Frederick Harvey1917First World WarLord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)Guyencourt, FranceAlberta[47]
Frederick Hobson1917*First World War20th Battalion, CEFQueen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)Lens, FranceOntario[48]
Charles Hoey1944Second World WarRoyal Lincolnshire RegimentRoyal Anglian RegimentNgakyedauk Pass, Burma (now Myanmar)British Columbia[49]
Edward Holland1900Second Boer WarRoyal Canadian DragoonsRoyal Canadian DragoonsKomati River, South AfricaOntario[50]
Thomas Holmes1917First World War4th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEFGovernor General's Horse GuardsPasschendaele, BelgiumOntario[51]
Samuel Honey1918*First World War78th Battalion, CEFWinnipeg GrenadiersBourlon Wood, FranceOntario[52]
David Hornell1944*Second World WarNo. 162 Squadron RCAFFaroes, AtlanticOntario[53]
Bellenden Hutcheson1918First World War75th Battalion, CEFToronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own)Arras, FranceOntario[54][note 11]
Joseph Kaeble1918*First World War22nd Battalion, CEFRoyal 22e RégimentNeuville-Vitasse, FranceQuebec[55]
George Kerr1918First World War3rd Battalion, CEFQueen's Own Rifles of Canada and Royal Regiment of CanadaBourlon Wood, FranceOntario[56]
John Kerr1916First World War49th Battalion, CEFLoyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)Courcelette, FranceNova Scotia[57] Alberta[note 12]
Cecil Kinross1917First World War49th Battalion, CEFLoyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)Passchendaele, BelgiumAlberta[58]
Arthur Knight1918*First World War10th Battalion, CEFRoyal Winnipeg Rifles and Calgary HighlandersVillers-les-Cagnicourt, FranceSaskatchewan[59]
Filip Konowal1917First World War47th Battalion, CEFRoyal Westminster RegimentLens, Francen/a[note 13]
Okill Learmonth1917*First World War2nd Battalion, CEFGovernor General's Foot GuardsLoos, FranceQuebec[59]
Graham Lyall1918First World War102nd Battalion, CEFBritish Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)Cambrai, FranceOntario[60]
Thain MacDowell1917First World War38th Battalion, CEFCameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)Vimy Ridge, FranceOntario[61]
John MacGregor1918First World War2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEFBritish Columbia DragoonsCambrai, FranceBritish Columbia[62]
John Mahony1944Second World WarWestminster Regiment (Motor)Royal Westminster RegimentRiver Melfa, ItalyBritish Columbia[63]
George McKean1918First World War14th Battalion, CEFRoyal Montreal RegimentGavrelle Sector, FranceAlberta[64]
Hugh McKenzie1917*First World WarCanadian Machine Gun CorpsRoyal Canadian Armoured CorpsMeetscheele Spur, BelgiumOntario Alberta[65][note 14]
Alan McLeod1918*First World WarNo. 2 Squadron RFCNo. 2 Squadron RAF Albert, FranceManitoba[66]
William Merrifield1918First World War4th Battalion, CEF56th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)Abancourt, FranceOntario[67]
Charles Merritt1942Second World WarSouth Saskatchewan RegimentSouth Saskatchewan RegimentDieppe, FranceBritish Columbia[68]
William Metcalf1918First World War16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEFCanadian Scottish RegimentArras, Francen/a[note 11]
William Milne1917*First World War16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEFCanadian Scottish RegimentThelus, FranceSaskatchewan[69]
Harry Miner1918*First World War58th Battalion, CEFRoyal Regiment of CanadaDemuin, FranceOntario[70]
Coulson Norman Mitchell1918First World War4th Battalion Canadian EngineersCanal de L'Escaut, FranceManitoba[71]
George Mullin1917First World WarPrincess Patricia's Canadian Light InfantryPrincess Patricia's Canadian Light InfantryPasschendaele, BelgiumSaskatchewan[72][note 11]
Andrew Mynarski1944*Second World WarNo. 419 Squadron RCAF419 Tactical Fighter Training SquadronCambrai, FranceManitoba[73]
William Nickerson1900Second Boer WarRoyal Army Medical CorpsWakkerstroom, South AfricaNew Brunswick[74][note 4]
Claude Nunney1918*First World War38th Battalion, CEFCameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)Drocourt-Queant Line, FranceOntario[75]
Christopher O'Kelly1917First World War52nd Battalion, CEFLake Superior Scottish RegimentPasschendaele, BelgiumManitoba[76]
Michael O'Leary1915First World WarIrish GuardsIrish GuardsCuinchy, FranceSaskatchewan[77][note 15]
Michael O'Rourke1917First World War7th Battalion, CEFBritish Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)Hill 70, FranceBritish Columbia[78]
John Osborn1941*Second World WarWinnipeg GrenadiersWinnipeg GrenadiersMount Butler, Hong KongManitoba[79]
John Pattison1917*First World War50th Battalion, CEFKing's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC)Vimy Ridge, FranceAlberta[80]
George Pearkes1917First World War5th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEFSherbrooke HussarsPasschendaele, BelgiumYukon[81]
Cyrus Peck1918First World War16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEFCanadian Scottish RegimentCagnicourt, FranceNew Brunswick[82]
Frederick Peters1942Second World WarHMS WalneyOran, AlgeriaP.E.I[83]
Walter Rayfield1918First World War7th Battalion, CEFBritish Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)Arras, FranceOntario[84]
Herbert Reade1857Indian rebellion of 185761st Regiment of FootThe RiflesDelhi, IndiaOntario[85]
Arthur Richardson1900Second Boer WarStrathcona's HorseLord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)Wolwespruit, South AfricaSaskatchewan[86] [note 16][note 17]
James Richardson1916*First World War16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEFCanadian Scottish RegimentSomme, FranceBritish Columbia[87]
James Peter Robertson1917*First World War27th Battalion, CEFRoyal Winnipeg RiflesPasschendaele, BelgiumNova Scotia Alberta[88][note 18]
Charles Rutherford1918First World War5th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEFSherbrooke HussarsMonchy, FranceOntario[89]
Francis Scrimger1915First World WarCanadian Army Medical CorpsSt. Julien, BelgiumQuebec[90]
Robert Shankland1917First World War43rd Battalion, CEFQueen's Own Cameron Highlanders of CanadaPasschendaele, BelgiumManitoba[91][note 2]
Ellis Sifton1917*First World War18th Battalion, CEFEssex and Kent ScottishNeuville-St.-Vaast, FranceOntario[92]
John Sinton1916First World WarIndian Medical ServiceOrah Ruins, MesopotamiaBritish Columbia[93][note 4]
Ernest Smith1944Second World WarSeaforth Highlanders of CanadaSeaforth Highlanders of CanadaRiver Savio, ItalyBritish Columbia[94]
Robert Spall1918*First World WarPrincess Patricia's Canadian Light InfantryPrincess Patricia's Canadian Light InfantryParvillers, FranceManitoba[95]
Harcus Strachan1917First World WarFort Garry HorseFort Garry HorseMasnières, FranceManitoba Alberta[96][note 19]
James Tait1918*First World War78th Battalion, CEFWinnipeg GrenadiersAmiens, FranceManitoba[97]
Frederick Tilston1945Second World WarEssex Scottish RegimentEssex and Kent ScottishHochwald Forest, GermanyOntario[98]
Frederick Topham1945Second World War1st Canadian Parachute BattalionRhine, GermanyOntario[99]
Paul Triquet1943Second World WarRoyal 22e RégimentRoyal 22e RégimentCasa Berardi, ItalyQuebec[100]
Richard Turner1900Second Boer WarRoyal Canadian DragoonsRoyal Canadian DragoonsKomati River, South AfricaQuebec[101]
Thomas Wilkinson1916*First World WarLoyal North Lancashire RegimentLoyal Regiment (North Lancashire)La Boiselle, FranceBritish Columbia[102][note 20]
John Young1918First World War87th Battalion, CEFCanadian Grenadier GuardsDury-Arras Sector, FranceQuebec[103]
Raphael Zengel1918First World War5th Battalion, CEFNorth Saskatchewan RegimentWarvillers, FranceSaskatchewan[104][note 11][note 21]

See also
  • Canadian order of precedence (decorations and medals)
  • Persons of National Historic Significance

Notes
  1. He was the last Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross for actions taken during WWI, His actions being made on Nov. 2, 1918, just nine days before the Armistice.
  2. One of three WWI Canadian VC recipients who lived on same block on Pine Street (now Valour Road) in Winnipeg: Leo Clarke, Frederick Hall and Robert Shankland
  3. Born in the Dominion of Newfoundland, moved to Canada at age 2. Fellow recipient Thomas Ricketts, not included on this sub-list, was a citizen of the Dominion of Newfoundland in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment
  4. Recipients were Canadians, but were serving in Other Army Units at the time of their VC act
  5. He was the first Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross for actions subsequent to Canadian Confederation
  6. Although born in Ireland, was enlisted in the Canadian army and is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal, and Albertan because he was working in an Edmonton bank when he enlisted.
  7. Although a Danish citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, he is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
  8. Awarded VC for actions taken not in the face of the enemy, one of only six awarded this way
  9. First Canadian to earn VC, during the Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854-Oct-25
  10. Last Canadian to earn VC, in actions sinking Japanese escort ship Amakusa, 1945-Aug-9
  11. Although an American citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
  12. Kerr was born in Nova Scotia and moved to farm in Alberta before enlisting in Edmonton unit.
  13. Although a Ukrainian citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
  14. McKenzie was born in Liverpool, moved to Ontario before enlisting in Alberta unit.
  15. Considered Irish, but listed here due to residency in Canada
  16. living at time of enlistment at Battleford
  17. first soldier to be awarded the Victoria Cross for actions committed while serving with a Canadian unit (even though under British command)
  18. lived most of his life in Medicine Hat
  19. Strachan enlisted in a Winnipeg unit but was a farmer in Alberta
  20. Wilkinson lived in Vancouver and enlisted in a Vancouver unit Overseas, he transeferred to the British Army.
  21. Although a U.S. citizen, he grew up on a Saskatchewan farm.

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  103. "John Francis Young". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  104. "Raphael Louis Zengel". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.

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