Felinae

Felinae[1]; Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene, 9–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	European wildcat (Felis silvestris)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	Felidae
Subfamily:	Felinae; Fischer von Waldheim, 1817
Type genus
	Felis; Linnaeus, 1758
Genera
	Acinonyx; Caracal; Catopuma; Felis; Herpailurus; Leopardus; Leptailurus; Lynx; Otocolobus; Pardofelis; Prionailurus; Puma; †Asilifelis; †Diamantofelis; †Katifelis; †Leptofelis; †Miracinonyx; †Namafelis; †Pratifelis; †Pristifelis; †Sivapanthera;
	Native ranges of Felinae

The Felinae are a subfamily of the family Felidae. This subfamily comprises the small cats having a bony hyoid, because of which they are able to purr but not roar.[2]

Other authors proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily: as comprising only the living conical-toothed cat genera with two tribes, the Felini and Pantherini; thus excluding all fossil cat species.[3][4]

Characteristics

The members of the Felinae have retractile claws that are protected by at least one cutaneous lobe. Their larynx is kept close to the base of the skull by an ossified hyoid.[5] They can purr owing to the vocal folds being shorter than 6 mm (0.24 in).[6][7] The cheetah Acinonyx does not have cutaneous sheaths for guarding claws.[8]

Taxonomy

The term Felini was first used in 1817 by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim, at the time for all the cat species that had been proposed as belonging to the genus Felis.[9] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the following genera to the Felinae that had been proposed in the course of the 19th century: Lynx, Puma, Leptailurus, Prionailurus, Pardofelis, Leopardus, Herpailurus, Neofelis and four more.[5]

The Felinae and Pantherinae probably diverged about 11.5 million years ago. The genera within the Felinae diverged between 10.67 and 4.23 million years ago.[10][11]

Today, the following genera and species are recognised as belonging to the Felinae:[2]

Subfamily Felinae
Genus	Species	Image
Acinonyx Brookes, 1828	Cheetah (A. jubatus) †A. aicha †A. intermedius †Giant cheetah (A. pardinensis)
Caracal Gray, 1843	African golden cat (C. aurata) Caracal (C. caracal)
Catopuma Severtzov, 1858	Asian golden cat (C. temminckii) Bay cat (C. badia)
Felis Linnaeus, 1758[12]	Domestic cat (F. catus)[12] Jungle cat (F. chaus) African wildcat (F. lybica) Sand cat (F. margarita) Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) European wildcat (F. silvestris) Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) †Martelli's cat (F. lunensis)
Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858	Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Leopardus Jardine, 1834	Pampas cat (L. colocolo) Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) Kodkod (L. guigna) Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus) Andean mountain cat (L. jacobitus) Ocelot (L. pardalis) Oncilla (L. tigrinus) Margay (L. wiedii) †L. vorohuensis
Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858	Serval (L. serval)
Lynx Kerr, 1792	Canada lynx (L. canadensis) Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) Bobcat (L. rufus) †Issoire lynx (L. issiodorensis) †L. rexroadensis[13][14] †L. thomasi
Otocolobus Brandt, 1841	Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis Severtzov, 1858	Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858	Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Puma Jardine, 1834	Cougar (P. concolor) †Eurasian puma (P. pardoides) †P. pumoides
†Asilifelis Werdelin, 2011[15]	†A. coteae
†Diamantofelis Morales, Pickford, Soria & Fraile, 1998[16]	†D. ferox
†Katifelis Adrian, Werdelin & Grossman, 2018[17]	†K. nightingalei
†Leptofelis Salesa et al., 2012	†L. vallesiensis
†Miracinonyx Adams, 1979[18]	†M. inexpectatus †M. trumani
†Namafelis Morales, Pickford, Fraile, Salesa & Soria, 2003[19]	†N. minor
†Pratifelis Hibbard, 1934	†P. martini
†Pristifelis Salesa et al., 2012	†P. attica
†Sivapanthera Kretzoi, 1929[20]	†S. arvernensis †S. brachygnathus †S. linxiaensis †S. padhriensis †S. pleistocaenicus †S. potens

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of Felinae are shown in the following cladogram:[21]

Felinae

Bay cat lineage

Catopuma

	Catopuma badia (Bay cat)

	Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat)

Pardofelis

Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled cat)

Caracal lineage

Caracal

	Caracal caracal (Caracal)

	Caracal aurata (African golden cat)

Leptailurus

Leptailurus serval (Serval)

Ocelot lineage

Leopardus

	Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)

	Leopardus guttulus (Southern tiger cat)

Leopardus guigna (Kodkod)

Leopardus tigrinus (Oncilla)

	Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat)

	Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat)

	Leopardus pardalis (Ocelot)

	Leopardus wiedii (Margay)

†Leopardus vorohuensis

Lynx lineage

Lynx

	Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx)

	Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)

Lynx canadensis (Canada lynx)

Lynx rufus (Bobcat)

†Lynx issiodorensis (Issoire lynx)

†Lynx rexroadensis

†Lynx thomasi

Puma lineage

Acinonyx

	Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah)

	†Acinonyx pardinensis (Giant cheetah)

†Acinonyx aicha

†Acinonyx intermedius

†Sivapanthera

	†Sivapanthera brachygnathus

	†Sivapanthera pleistocaenicus

	†Sivapanthera potens

	†Sivapanthera linxiaensis

	†Sivapanthera padhriensis

	†Sivapanthera arvernensis

Herpailurus

Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi)

†Miracinonyx

	†Miracinonyx inexpectatus

	†Miracinonyx trumani

Puma

†Puma pardoides (Eurasian puma)

	†Puma pumoides

	Puma concolor (Cougar)

Leopard cat lineage

Prionailurus

	Prionailurus javanensis (Sunda leopard cat)

	Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing cat)

	Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat)

Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed cat)

Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat)

Otocolobus

Otocolobus manul (Pallas's cat)

†Pristifelis

†Pristifelis attica

Felis

Felis chaus (Jungle cat)

Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat)

Felis margarita (Sand cat)

†Felis lunensis (Martelli's cat)

Felis silvestris (European wildcat)

Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat)

	Felis lybica (African wildcat)

	Felis catus (Cat)

Domestic cat lineage

References

Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Felinae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 11−63.
Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
Werdelin, L. (2013). "Subfamily Felinae − Cats". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. 5. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 144–210. ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8.
Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The classification of the existing Felidae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8. XX (119): 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.
Hast, M. H. (1989). "The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats". Journal of Anatomy. 163: 117–121. PMC 1256521. PMID 2606766.
Peters, G. (2002). "Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals". Mammal Review. 32 (4): 245−271. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x.
Pocock, R. I. (1917). "VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 19 (109): 113−136. doi:10.1080/00222931709486916.
Fischer, G. (1817). "Adversaria Zoologica. Fasciculus primus. Quaedam ad Mammalium systema et genera illustranda". Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 5: 357−446.
Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment" (PDF). Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.
Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1−11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.
Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. pp. 42–44.
Stephens, J. J. (1959). "A new Pliocene cat from Kansas". Academy of Science, Arts and Letters (44): 41–46.
Werdelin, L. (1981). "The evolution of lynxes" (PDF). Annales Zoologici Fennici (18): 37–71.
Werdelin, L. (2011). "A new genus and species of Felidae (Mammalia) from Rusinga Island, Kenya, with notes on early Felidae of Africa". Estudios Geológicos. 67 (2): 217–222. doi:10.3989/egeol.40463.184.
Morales, J.; Pickford, M.; Soria, D.; Fraile, S. (1998). "New carnivores from the basal Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift, Namibia". Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 91: 27–40.
Adrian, B.; Werdelin, L.; Grossman, A. (2018). "New Miocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from Moruorot and Kalodirr, Kenya". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (1): 21.1.10A. doi:10.26879/778.
Adams, D. B. (1979). "The Cheetah: Native American". Science. 205 (4411): 1155–1158. Bibcode:1979Sci...205.1155A. doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1155. PMID 17735054.
Morales, J.; Pickford, M.; Fraile, S.; Salesa, M. J.; Soria, D. (2003). "Creodonta and Carnivora from Arrisdrift, early Middle Miocene of southern Namibia". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 19: 177–194.
Kretzoi, M. (1929). "Materialien zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Ailuroïden". In Csiki, E. (ed.). Xe Congrès international de zoologie, tenu à Budapest du 4 au 10 septembre 1927. Volume 2. Budapest: Imprimerie Stephaneus. pp. 1293−1355.
Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.

External links

Media related to Felinae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Felinae at Wikispecies

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[MSW3-1] Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Felinae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[Catsg2017-2] Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 11−63.

[werdelin-3] Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.

[Kingdon-4] Werdelin, L. (2013). "Subfamily Felinae − Cats". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. 5. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 144–210. ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8.

[Pocock1917-5] Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The classification of the existing Felidae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8. XX (119): 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.

[6] Hast, M. H. (1989). "The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats". Journal of Anatomy. 163: 117–121. PMC 1256521. PMID 2606766.

[7] Peters, G. (2002). "Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals". Mammal Review. 32 (4): 245−271. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x.

[8] Pocock, R. I. (1917). "VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 19 (109): 113−136. doi:10.1080/00222931709486916.

[9] Fischer, G. (1817). "Adversaria Zoologica. Fasciculus primus. Quaedam ad Mammalium systema et genera illustranda". Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 5: 357−446.

[Johnson2006-10] Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment" (PDF). Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.

[11] Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1−11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

[Linnaeus-12] Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. pp. 42–44.

[13] Stephens, J. J. (1959). "A new Pliocene cat from Kansas". Academy of Science, Arts and Letters (44): 41–46.

[14] Werdelin, L. (1981). "The evolution of lynxes" (PDF). Annales Zoologici Fennici (18): 37–71.

[Werdelin2011-15] Werdelin, L. (2011). "A new genus and species of Felidae (Mammalia) from Rusinga Island, Kenya, with notes on early Felidae of Africa". Estudios Geológicos. 67 (2): 217–222. doi:10.3989/egeol.40463.184.

[16] Morales, J.; Pickford, M.; Soria, D.; Fraile, S. (1998). "New carnivores from the basal Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift, Namibia". Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 91: 27–40.

[17] Adrian, B.; Werdelin, L.; Grossman, A. (2018). "New Miocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from Moruorot and Kalodirr, Kenya". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (1): 21.1.10A. doi:10.26879/778.

[18] Adams, D. B. (1979). "The Cheetah: Native American". Science. 205 (4411): 1155–1158. Bibcode:1979Sci...205.1155A. doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1155. PMID 17735054.

[19] Morales, J.; Pickford, M.; Fraile, S.; Salesa, M. J.; Soria, D. (2003). "Creodonta and Carnivora from Arrisdrift, early Middle Miocene of southern Namibia". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 19: 177–194.

[20] Kretzoi, M. (1929). "Materialien zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Ailuroïden". In Csiki, E. (ed.). Xe Congrès international de zoologie, tenu à Budapest du 4 au 10 septembre 1927. Volume 2. Budapest: Imprimerie Stephaneus. pp. 1293−1355.

[Werdelin_al2010-21] Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.