David Rockefeller

David Rockefeller (June 12, 1915 – March 20, 2017) was an American banker who served as chairman and chief executive of Chase Manhattan Corporation. He was the oldest living member of the third generation of the Rockefeller family, and family patriarch from August 2004 until his death in March 2017.[2] Rockefeller was the youngest child of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, and a grandson of John D. Rockefeller and Laura Spelman Rockefeller.

David Rockefeller
Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations
In office
1970–1985
Preceded byJohn J. McCloy
Succeeded byPeter George Peterson
Chairman and CEO of Chase Manhattan Bank
In office
1969–1981
Preceded byGeorge Champion
Succeeded byWillard C. Butcher
Personal details
Born(1915-06-12)June 12, 1915
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedMarch 20, 2017(2017-03-20) (aged 101)
Pocantico Hills, New York, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)
Margaret McGrath
(m. 1940; died 1996)
Children6, including Abigail, Neva, Margaret, Richard, and Eileen
RelativesJohn D. Rockefeller Jr. (Father)
Abigail Greene Aldrich (Mother)
See Rockefeller family
EducationHarvard University (BA)
London School of Economics
University of Chicago (MA, PhD)
Net worthUS$3.3 billion (March 2017 estimate)[1]

He was noted for his wide-ranging political connections and foreign travel, in which he met with many foreign leaders. His fortune was estimated at $3.3 billion at the time of his death in March 2017.[1]

Early life

Rockefeller was born in New York City, New York. He grew up in an eight-story house at 10 West 54th Street, the tallest private residence ever built in the city.[3] Rockefeller was the youngest of six children born to financier John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and socialite Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich. John Jr. was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman. Abby was a daughter of Rhode Island U.S. Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman "Abby" Chapman. David's five elder siblings were Abby, John III, Nelson, Laurance, and Winthrop.

Rockefeller attended the experimental Lincoln School at 123rd Street in Harlem.

Education

In 1936, Rockefeller graduated cum laude from Harvard University, where he worked as an editor on The Harvard Crimson.[4] He also studied economics for a year at Harvard and then a year at the London School of Economics (LSE). At LSE he first met the future President John F. Kennedy (although he had earlier been his contemporary at Harvard) and once dated Kennedy's sister Kathleen.[5] During his time abroad, Rockefeller briefly worked in the London branch of what was to become the Chase Manhattan Bank.

After returning to the U.S. to complete his graduate studies, he received a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1940.[6]

Career

Government service

After completing his studies in Chicago, he became secretary to New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia for eighteen months in a "dollar a year" public service position. Although the mayor pointed out to the press that Rockefeller was only one of 60 interns in the city government, his working space was, in fact, the vacant office of the deputy mayor.[7] From 1941 to 1942, Rockefeller was assistant regional director of the United States Office of Defense, Health and Welfare Services.

Military

Rockefeller enlisted in the U.S. Army and entered Officer Candidate School in 1943; he was ultimately promoted to Captain in 1945. During World War II he served in North Africa and France (he spoke fluent French) for military intelligence setting up political and economic intelligence units. For seven months he also served as an assistant military attaché at the American Embassy in Paris. During this period, he called on family contacts and Standard Oil executives for assistance.[8]

Banking
David Rockefeller and Jawad Hashim from Iraq in 1980.

In 1946, Rockefeller joined the staff of the longtime family-associated Chase National Bank.[9] The chairman at that time was Rockefeller's uncle Winthrop W. Aldrich.[10] The Chase Bank was primarily a wholesale bank,[11] dealing with other prominent financial institutions and major corporate clients such as General Electric (which had, through its RCA affiliate, leased prominent space and become a crucial first tenant of Rockefeller Center in 1930). The bank also is closely associated with and has financed the oil industry, having longstanding connections with its board of directors to the successor companies of Standard Oil, especially Exxon Mobil. Chase National became the Chase Manhattan Bank in 1955[9] and shifted significantly into consumer banking. It is now called JPMorgan Chase.[12]

Rockefeller started as an assistant manager in the foreign department. There he financed international trade in a number of commodities, such as coffee, sugar and metals. This position also maintained relationships with more than 1,000 correspondent banks throughout the world. He served in other positions and became president in 1960. He was both chairman and chief executive of Chase Manhattan from 1969 to 1980 and remained chairman until 1981. He was also, as recently as 1980, the single largest individual shareholder of the bank, holding 1.7% of its shares.[13]

During his term as CEO, Chase spread internationally and became a central component of the world's financial system due to its global network of correspondent banks, the largest in the world. In 1973, Chase established the first branch of an American bank in Moscow, in the then Soviet Union. That year Rockefeller traveled to China, resulting in his bank becoming the National Bank of China's first correspondent bank in the U.S.[14]

He was faulted for spending excessive amounts of time abroad, and during his tenure as CEO the bank had more troubled loans than any other major bank. Chase owned more New York City securities in the mid-1970s, when the city was nearing bankruptcy. A scandal erupted in 1974 when an audit found that losses from bond trading had been understated, and in 1975 the bank was branded a "problem bank" by the Federal Reserve.[9]

From 1974 to 1976, Chase earnings fell 36 percent while those of its biggest rivals rose 12 to 31 percent. The bank's earnings more than doubled between 1976 and 1980, far outpacing its rival Citibank in return on assets. By 1981 the bank's finances were restored to full health.[9]

In November 1979, while chairman of the Chase Bank, Rockefeller became embroiled in an international incident when he and Henry Kissinger, along with John J. McCloy and Rockefeller aides, persuaded President Jimmy Carter through the United States Department of State to admit the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, into the United States for hospital treatment for lymphoma. This action directly precipitated what is known as the Iran hostage crisis and placed Rockefeller under intense media scrutiny (particularly from The New York Times) for the first time in his public life.[15]

Rockefeller retired from active management of the bank in 1981, succeeded by his protégé Willard C. Butcher. Former Chase chairman John J. McCloy said at the time that he did not believe that Rockefeller would not go down in history as a great banker but as a "real personality, as a distinguished and loyal member of the community".[9]

Political connections

Rockefeller traveled widely and met with both foreign rulers and U.S. presidents, beginning with Dwight D. Eisenhower. At times he served as an unofficial emissary on high-level business.[16] Among the foreign leaders he met were Saddam Hussein, Fidel Castro, Nikita Khrushchev, and Mikhail Gorbachev.[17]

In 1968, he declined an offer from his brother Nelson Rockefeller, then governor of New York, to appoint him to Robert F. Kennedy's Senate seat after Kennedy was assassinated in June 1968, a post Nelson also offered to their nephew John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV.[18] President Jimmy Carter offered him the position of United States Secretary of the Treasury but he declined.[19]

Rockefeller was criticized for befriending foreign autocrats in order to expand Chase interests in their countries. The New York Times columnist David Brooks wrote in 2002 that Rockefeller "spent his life in the club of the ruling class and was loyal to members of the club, no matter what they did." He noted that Rockefeller had cut profitable deals with "oil-rich dictators", "Soviet party bosses" and "Chinese perpetrators of the Cultural Revolution".[9]

Rockefeller met Henry Kissinger in 1954, when Kissinger was appointed a director of a seminal Council on Foreign Relations study group on nuclear weapons, of which David Rockefeller was a member.[20][21] He named Kissinger to the board of trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and consulted with him frequently, with the subjects including the Chase Bank's interests in Chile and the possibility of the election of Salvador Allende in 1970.[22] Rockefeller supported his "opening of China" initiative in 1971 as it afforded banking opportunities for the Chase Bank.[23]

Though a lifelong Republican and party contributor, he was a member of the moderate "Rockefeller Republicans" that arose out of the political ambitions and public policy stance of his brother Nelson. In 2006, he teamed up with former Goldman Sachs executives and others to form a fund-raising group based in Washington, Republicans Who Care, that supported moderate Republican candidates over more ideological contenders.[24]

Central Intelligence Agency ties

Rockefeller was acquainted with Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director Allen Dulles and his brother, Eisenhower administration Secretary of State John Foster Dulles—who was an in-law of the family[25]—since his college years.[26] It was in Rockefeller Center that Allen Dulles had set up his WWII operational center after Pearl Harbor, liaising closely with MI6, which also had their principal U.S. operation in the Center.[27] He also knew and associated with the former CIA director Richard Helms as well as Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr., a Chase Bank employee and former CIA agent whose first cousin, CIA agent Kermit Roosevelt Jr., was involved in the Iran coup of 1953.[28] Also in 1953, he had befriended William Bundy, a pivotal CIA analyst for nine years in the 1950s, who became the Agency liaison to the National Security Council, and a subsequent lifelong friend.[29] Moreover, in Cary Reich's biography of his brother Nelson, a former CIA agent states that David was extensively briefed on covert intelligence operations by himself and other Agency division chiefs, under the direction of David's "friend and confidant", CIA Director Allen Dulles.[30]

Policy groups
David Rockefeller launches the International Executive Service Corps in the White House Rose Garden, 1964.

In 1964, along with other American business figures such as Sol Linowitz, Rockefeller founded the non-profit International Executive Service Corps which encourages developing nations to promote private enterprise.[31] In 1979, he formed the Partnership for New York City, a not-for-profit membership organization of New York businessmen.[32] In 1992, he was selected as a leading member of the Russian-American Bankers Forum, an advisory group set up by the head of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to advise Russia on the modernization of its banking system, with the full endorsement of President Boris Yeltsin.[33]

Rockefeller had a lifelong association with the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) when he joined as a director in 1949.[34] In 1965, Rockefeller and other businessmen formed the Council of the Americas to stimulate and support economic integration in the Americas. In 1992, at a Council sponsored forum, Rockefeller proposed a "Western Hemisphere free trade area", which became the Free Trade Area of the Americas in a Miami summit in 1994. His and the Council's chief liaison to President Bill Clinton in order to garner support for this initiative was through Clinton's chief of staff, Mack McLarty, whose consultancy firm Kissinger McLarty Associates is a corporate member of the Council, while McLarty himself is on the board of directors.[35] He was also a trustee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, including 1948, when Alger Hiss was president.[36]

Displeased with the refusal of Bilderberg Group meetings to include Japan, Rockefeller helped found the Trilateral Commission in July 1973.[37]

Later career
Plaque honoring David Rockefeller work on behalf of New York City

After the war and alongside his work at Chase, Rockefeller took a more active role in his family's business dealings. Working with his brothers in the two floors of Rockefeller Center known as Room 5600, he reorganized the family's myriad business and philanthropic ventures. The men kept regular "brothers' meetings" where they made decisions on matters of common interest and reported on noteworthy events in each of their lives. Rockefeller served as secretary to the group, making notes of each meeting. The notes are now in the family archive and will be released in the future.[38] Following the deaths of his brothers, Winthrop (1973), John III (1978), Nelson (1979), and Laurance (2004), David became sole head of the family (with the important involvement of his elder son, David Jr.).

Rockefeller ensured that selected members of the fourth generation, known generically as the cousins, became directly involved in the family's institutions. This involved inviting them to be more active in the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the principal foundation established in 1940 by the five brothers and their one sister. The extended family also became involved in their own philanthropic organization, formed in 1967 and primarily established by third-generation members, called the Rockefeller Family Fund.[39]

In the 1980s, Rockefeller became embroiled in controversy over the mortgaging and sale of Rockefeller Center to Japanese interests. In 1985, the Rockefeller family mortgaged the property for $1.3 billion, with $300 million of that going to the family. In 1989, 51 percent of the property, later increased to 80 percent, was sold to Mitsubishi Estate Company of Japan. This action was criticized for surrendering a major U.S. landmark to foreign interests.[9][40] In 2000, Rockefeller presided over the final sale of Rockefeller Center to Tishman Speyer Properties, along with the Crown family of Chicago, which ended the more than 70 years of direct family financial association with Rockefeller Center.[41]

In 2005, he gave $100 million to the Museum of Modern Art and $100 million to Rockefeller University, two of the most prominent family institutions; as well as $10 million to Harvard and $5 million to Colonial Williamsburg. In 2006, he pledged $225 million to the Rockefeller Brothers Fund upon his death, the largest gift in the Fund's history. The money will be used to create the David Rockefeller Global Development Fund, to support projects that improve access to health care, conduct research on international finance and trade, fight poverty, and support sustainable development, as well as to a program that fosters dialogue between Muslim and Western nations.[42] Rockefeller donated $100 million to Harvard University in 2008.[43] The New York Times estimated in November 2006 that his total charitable donations amount to $900 million over his lifetime, a figure that was substantiated by a monograph on the family's overall benefactions, entitled The Chronicle of Philanthropy.[44]

He published Memoirs in 2002, the only time a member of the Rockefeller family has written an autobiography.[45]

Rockefeller was a noted internationalist.[46]

Rockefeller's will requires his estate, once assets are liquidated, to donate over $700 million to various non-profits, including Rockefeller University, the Museum of Modern Art and Harvard. The largest donation will be either $250 million or the remaining balance of the estate that will fund the launch of the David Rockefeller Global Development Fund.[47]

Personal life

In 1940, Rockefeller married Margaret "Peggy" McGrath, who died in 1996.[9] They had six children:

  1. David Rockefeller Jr. (born July 24, 1941)[9] – vice chairman, Rockefeller Family & Associates (the family office, Room 5600); chairman of Rockefeller Financial Services; Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation; former chairman of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Rockefeller & Co., Inc., among many other family institutions.
  2. Abigail Aldrich "Abby" Rockefeller (born 1943) – economist and feminist. Eldest and most rebellious daughter, she was drawn to Marxism and was an ardent admirer of Fidel Castro and a late 1960s/early 1970s radical feminist[48] who belonged to the organization Female Liberation, later forming a splinter group called Cell 16.[49] An environmentalist and ecologist, she was an active supporter of the women's liberation movement.
  3. Neva Rockefeller (born 1944[9]) – economist and philanthropist. She is director of the Global Development and Environment Institute; trustee and vice chair of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Director of the Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors.
  4. Margaret Dulany "Peggy" Rockefeller (born 1947)[9] – founder of the Synergos Institute in 1986; Board member of the Council on Foreign Relations; serves on the Advisory Committee of the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University.
  5. Richard Gilder Rockefeller (1949–2014)[50] – physician and philanthropist; chairman of the United States advisory board of the international aid group Doctors Without Borders; trustee and chair of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
  6. Eileen Rockefeller (born February 26, 1952)[9] – venture philanthropist; Founding Chair of Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, established in New York City in 2002.

Death

Rockefeller died in his sleep from congestive heart failure on March 20, 2017, at his home in Pocantico Hills, New York. He was 101 years old.[51][52]

Wealth

At the time of his death, Forbes estimated Rockefeller's net worth was $3.3 billion.[1] Initially, most of his wealth had come to him via the family trusts created by his father, which were administered by Room 5600 and the Chase Bank. In turn, most of these trusts were held as shares in the successor companies of Standard Oil, as well as diverse real estate investment partnerships, such as the expansive Embarcadero Center in San Francisco, which he later sold for considerable profit, retaining only an indirect stake. In addition, he was or had been a partner in various properties such as Caneel Bay, a 4,000-acre (16 km2) resort development in the Virgin Islands; a cattle ranch in Argentina; and a 15,500-acre (63 km2) sheep ranch in Australia.[53]

Another major source of asset wealth was his art collection, ranging from impressionist to postmodern, which he developed through the influence upon him of his mother Abby and her establishment, with two associates, of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1929.[54] The collection, valued at several hundred million dollars, was auctioned in the spring of 2018, with proceeds going to several designated nonprofit organizations, including Rockefeller University, Harvard University, the Museum of Modern Art, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Maine Coast Heritage Trust.[55]

Residences

Rockefeller's principal residence was at "Hudson Pines", on the family estate in Pocantico Hills, New York. He also had a Manhattan residence at 146 East 65th Street,[56][55] as well as a country residence (known as "Four Winds") at a farm in Livingston, New York (Columbia County), where his wife raised Simmenthal beef cattle.[57] He also maintained a summer home, "Ringing Point," at Seal Harbor on Mount Desert Island off the Maine coast.[55] In May 2015, he donated one thousand acres of land in Seal Harbor to the Mount Desert Land and Garden Preserve.[58]

The Kykuit section of the Rockefeller family compound is the location of The Pocantico Conference Center of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund – established by David and his four brothers in 1940 – which was created when the Fund leased the area from the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 1991.[59]

Non-governmental leadership positions

Awards
  • Presidential Medal of Freedom (1998);[64]
  • U.S. Legion of Merit (1945);[65]
  • French Legion of Honor (1945);[65]
  • U.S. Army Commendation Ribbon (1945);[65]
  • Commander of the Brazilian Order of the Southern Cross (1956);[66]
  • Charles Evans Hughes award NCCJ, (1974);[67]
  • George C. Marshall Foundation Award (1999);[68]
  • Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy (2001);[69]
  • Synergos Bridging Leadership Award (2003);[70]
  • The Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur (2000);[71]
  • C. Walter Nichols Award, New York University (1970);[72]
  • World Brotherhood Award, Jewish Theological Seminary of America (1953);[73]
  • Award of Merit from the American Institute of Architects (1965);[74]
  • Medal of Honor for City Planning, American Institute of Architects (1968);[67]
  • World Monuments Fund's Hadrian Award (for preservation of art and architecture) (1994);[71]
  • National Institute of Social Sciences Gold Medal Award (1967 – awarded to all 5 brothers);[75]
  • United States Council for International Business (USCIB) International Leadership Award (1983);[76]
  • The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award (1965).[77]

References
  1. "David Rockefeller, Sr". Forbes. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  2. "James S. Rockefeller, 102, Dies; Was a Banker and a '24 Olympian". The New York Times. August 11, 2004. Retrieved September 16, 2012. James Stillman Rockefeller, who helped capture an Olympic rowing title for the United States before a banking career with a company that eventually become Citigroup, died yesterday at his home in Greenwich, Conn., his family announced. He was 102.
  3. Miller, Tom (March 18, 2013). "Daytonian in Manhattan: The Lost J. D. Rockefeller Jr. House – No. 10 W 54th St". Daytonian in Manhattan. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
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  7. Harr & Johnson (1988), p. 392
  8. Rockefeller (2002), p. 113
  9. Kandell, Jonathan (March 20, 2017). "David Rockefeller, Philanthropist and Head of Chase Manhattan, Dies at 101". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  10. O'Neill, William L. O'Neill, ed. (2003). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: M-Z (illustrated ed.). C. Scribner's Sons. p. 270. ISBN 9780684312224.
  11. Markham, Jerry W. (2002). A Financial History of the United States: From Christopher Columbus to the Robber Barons (1492-1900) (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 308. ISBN 9780765607300.
  12. Cameron III, George D. (2015). International Business Law: Cases and Materials. Van Rye Publishing, LLC. p. 97. ISBN 9780990367147.
  13. "The Change at David's Bank", Time, September 1, 1980.
  14. "The History of JPMorgan Chase & Co" (PDF). www.jpmorganchase.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
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  24. Forsythe, Michael (October 17, 2006). "'Rockefeller Republicans' Open Wallets to Back Party Moderates". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
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  27. Srodes (1999), pp. 207, 210
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  30. Reich (1996), p. 559
  31. Holley, Joe (March 18, 2005). "Former Diplomat Sol Linowitz, 91, Dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  32. Newyorkcitypartnership.org Archived December 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  33. Quint, Michael (June 20, 1992). "U.S. Advisers Will Aid Russians In Modernizing Banking System". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
  34. Zweig (1995), p. 110
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  36. Chisholm, Brock; Winslow, C.-E.A.; Hiss, Alger (March 1948). "The World Health Organization". International Concilation. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 2. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
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  38. Harr & Johnson (1988), pp. 530–531, 603n
  39. Grimm, Robert T. (2002). Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 273. ISBN 9781573563406.
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  49. Northeastern University Archives and Special Collections.
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  67. "Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton to Receive Marshall Foundation Award". PRWeb. May 31, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  68. Lewin, Tamar (December 11, 2001). "Leading Philanthropists Get Carnegie Medals". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  69. "David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award". www.synergos.org. Archived from the original on June 14, 2016.
  70. The International Who's Who 2004. Psychology Press. 2003. p. 1426. ISBN 9781857432176.
  71. Who's Who in American Art. Marquis Whos Who. 2006. p. 1071. ISBN 9780837963068.
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  73. "AIA New York Chapter : Press Releases". aiany.aiany.org. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  74. Hajela, Deepti (March 20, 2017). "David Rockefeller, Last of Generation in Family, Dies at 101". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  75. "Recipients of the International Leadership Award | USCIB". USCIB. January 1, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  76. Packing and Shipping. 93. 1966. p. 103.

Sources

Further reading
  • The Rockefeller File, Gary Allen, ´76 Press, Seal Beach California, 1976.
  • The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
  • The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private, John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992.
  • The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908–1958, Cary Reich, New York: Doubleday, 1996.
  • Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family, Bernice Kert, New York: Random House, 1993.
  • Those Rockefeller Brothers: An Informal Biography of Five Extraordinary Young Men, Joe Alex Morris, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953.
  • The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty, Peter Collier and David Horowitz, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.
  • The American Establishment, Leonard Silk and Mark Silk, New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1980.
  • American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission, Stephen Gill, Boston: Cambridge University Press, Reprint Edition, 1991.
  • The Chase: The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1945–1985, John Donald Wilson, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1986.
  • Wriston: Walter Wriston, Citibank, and the Rise and Fall of American Financial Supremacy, Phillip L. Zweig, New York: Crown Publishers, 1995.
  • Paul Volcker: The Making of a Financial Legend, Joseph B. Treaster, New York: Wiley, 2004.
  • Financier: The Biography of André Meyer; A Story of Money, Power, and the Reshaping of American Business, Cary Reich, New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1983.
  • Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, Peter Grose, New York: Council on Foreign Relations: 1996.
  • Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy, Laurence H. Shoup, and William Minter, New York: Authors Choice Press, (Reprint), 2004.
  • Cloak of Green: The Links between Key Environmental Groups, Government and Big Business, Elaine Dewar, New York: Lorimer, 1995.
  • The Shah's Last Ride, William Shawcross, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
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