Canada lynx

The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) is a medium-sized lynx native to North America. It ranges across Canada and Alaska extending into the United States portion of the Rocky Mountains. It is characterized by its long, dense fur, triangular ears with black tufts at the tips, and broad, snowshoe-like paws. Similar to the bobcat (L. rufus), the hindlimbs are remarkably longer than the forelimbs, so that the back appears to be sloping downward to the front. The lynx is a good swimmer and an agile climber. The Canada lynx stands 48–56 cm (19–22 in) tall at the shoulder and weighs between 5 and 17 kg (11 and 37 lb). This lynx was first described by Robert Kerr in 1792. Three subspecies are recognized.

"Canadian lynx" redirects here. For other species of lynx, see Lynx.

Canada lynx

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Lynx
Species:
L. canadensis
Binomial name
Lynx canadensis
Kerr, 1792
Subspecies
Distribution of Canada lynx (2016)[1]

The Canada lynx is typically nocturnal like its primary prey, the snowshoe hare. A specialist predator, its heavy dependence on snowshoe hares for food leads to an example of a prey-predator cycle. Canada lynxes respond to the cyclic rises and falls over the years in snowshoe hare populations in Alaska and central Canada—when hares are scarce lynxes tend to move to areas with more hares and tend to not produce litters, and as the numbers of the hare increase, so does the population of the lynx. The lynx waits for the hare in specific trails or "ambush beds", then pounces on it and kills it by a bite on its head, throat or the nape of its neck. Individuals of the same sex particularly tend to avoid each other, forming "intrasexual" territories. The mating season is roughly a month long (from March to early April). After a gestational period of two to three months, a litter of one to eight kittens is born. Offspring are weaned at 12 weeks.

This lynx occurs predominantly in dense boreal forests, and its range heavily coincides with that of the snowshoe hare. Given its abundance throughout its range and no severe threats, this lynx has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. This lynx is regularly trapped for the international fur trade in most of Alaska and Canada, but is protected in the southern half of its range due to threats such as habitat loss.

Taxonomy

In his 1792 work The Animal Kingdom, Scottish scientific writer Robert Kerr described a lynx from Canada, giving it the name Felis lynx canadensis.[2] The taxonomy of the Canada lynx remained disputed through the 20th and early 21st centuries. In 1912, American zoologist Gerrit Miller placed the Canada lynx under the genus Lynx, with the name L. canadensis.[3] Until as late as the early 2000s, scientists were divided on whether Lynx should be considered a subgenus of Felis, or a subfamily itself; some even doubted if the Canada lynx should be considered a species on its own.[4][5][6] American zoologist W. C. Wozencraft revised the classification of Carnivora in 2005, and recognized the Canada lynx as a species under Lynx, along with the bobcat (L. rufus), the Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) and the Iberian lynx (L. pardinus). In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy, considering the Canada lynx a monotypic species.[7]

Wozencraft recognized three subspecies of the Canada lynx in Mammal Species of the World (2005):[7][8]

  • L. c. canadensis (mainland lynx) Kerr, 1792: Occurs in the Canadian mainland.[2]
  • L. c. mollipilosus (Arctic lynx) Stone, 1900: Described from the skin and skull of a male lynx killed near Wainwright, Alaska.[9]
  • L. c. subsolanus (Newfoundland lynx) Bangs, 1897: Described from a lynx skin and skull collected near Codroy, Newfoundland.[10]

A study of the differences (in factors such as coat colour, cranial measurements and weights) between the mainland and Newfoundland forms showed that apart from a few variations (for instance, the Newfoundland lynx features a darker coat than the mainland subspecies), the standard measurements are not significantly distinct. Noting only a few differences between the two forms, the study suggested the Newfoundland lynx to have diverged only recently from the mainland form. The lack of appreciable subspecific distinctions led the researchers to doubt the vaidity of the Newfoundland lynx as a separate subspecies.[11][12] A study in 2019 estimated the Newfoundland lynx to have diverged from the mainland lynx around 20,000 to 33,000 years ago following the last glaciation.[13]

Evolution
Fossils of the Issoire lynx (L. issiodorensis), which is believed to be the ancestor of the four modern Lynx species

According to a 2006 phylogenetic study, the ancestor of five felid lineages – Lynx, Leopardus, Puma, Felis and Prionailurus plus Otocolobus – arrived in North America after crossing the Bering Strait 8.5 to 8 million years ago. Lynx diverged from the Puma, Felis and Prionailurus plus Otocolobus lineages around 3.24 million years ago.[14] The Issoire lynx (L. issiodorensis), believed to be the ancestor of the four modern Lynx species, probably originated in Africa 4 million years ago and occurred in Europe and northern Asia until it fell to extinction around 1 million years ago.[15][16] A 1987 study suggested that the populations of the Eurasian lynx that reached North America 20,000 years ago initially settled in the southern half of the continent, as the northern part was covered by glaciers. The southern populations gradually evolved into the modern bobcat. Later, when the continent was invaded by the Eurasian lynx for a second time, the populations that settled in the northern part of the continent, now devoid of glaciers, evolved into the Canada lynx.[17] The 2006 study gave the phylogenetic relationships of the Canada lynx as follows:[14][18]

 
 

Leopardus

 
 
Lynx
 

Bobcat (L. rufus)

 
 
 

Canada lynx (L. canadensis)

 
 
 

Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)

 
 

Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)

 
 
 
 
 
Puma
 

Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)

 
 
 

Cougar (Puma concolor)

 
 

Jaguarundi (P. yagouaroundi)

 
 
 
 
 

Felis

 
 
 

Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)

 
 

Prionailurus

 
 
 
 
 
 

Physical characteristics
A close facial view of the Canada lynx. The black ear tufts are characteristic of lynxes.

The Canada lynx is a lean, medium-sized cat characterized by its long, dense fur, triangular ears with black tufts at the tips, and broad, snowshoe-like paws. Similar to the bobcat, the hindlimbs are remarkably longer than the forelimbs, so that the back appears to be sloping downward to the front. The Canada lynx is sexually dimorphic, with males larger and heavier than females. The lynx is between 73 and 107 cm (29 and 42 in) in head-and-body length and stands 48–56 cm (19–22 in) tall at the shoulder; females weigh around 5–12 kg (11–26 lb) while males weigh around 6–17 kg (13–37 lb).[15] Physical proportions do not vary significantly across the range and are probably naturally selected to allow survival on smaller prey.[19] The Eurasian lynx, that prefers prey the size of a roe deer, is twice the size of the Canada lynx, that feeds primarily on the snowshoe hare.[15] The stubby tail, typical of lynxes, is 5–13 cm (2.0–5.1 in) long; while the bobcat's tail is black only in the upper part, the tail of the Canada lynx has a completely black tip.[15][20]

The long, thick fur, uniformly coloured with little to no markings except on the underside, insulates the lynx in its frosty habitat. The fur is typically yellowish brown, though in Newfoundland it can vary from brown or buff-gray in spring and summer to a grayish shade with a grizzled appearance in winter; the underparts are white and may have a few dark spots.[15][21] Although no melanistic or albinistic forms of the Canada lynx are known, "blue" lynxes have been reported in Alaska.[22] The fur is generally shorter in summer than in winter.[23] The backs of the ears are brown with a silvery-gray spot at the centre.[4] Similar to other lynxes, black tufts around 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in length emerge from the tips of the ears, which are lined with black fur.[20] In winter, the hair on the lower cheek becomes longer, giving the impression of a ruffle covering the throat. There are four nipples.[15][21]

As the forelimbs of the Canada lynx are shorter than the hindlimbs, the back appears to be sloping downward toward the front. Note the stubby tail and the dense fur.

The claws are sharp and fully retractable (capable of being drawn within).[4] The large, broad paws are covered in long, thick fur and can spread as wide as 10 centimetres (3.9 in) to move fast and easily on soft snow.[6] The paws of a Canada lynx can support nearly double the weight those of a bobcat can bear before sinking.[5][24] Both species walk with the back foot typically following the front foot, and often do not follow a straight line path. The stride is 30–46 cm (12–18 in) for the lynx, while that of the bobcat varies between 13 and 41 cm (5 and 16 in). Canada lynx tracks are generally larger than those of the bobcat; the thicker fur may make the toe pads appear less prominent in the snow. In dirt the tracks of the lynx are 7.6–9.5 cm (3–3.75 in) long and 8.9–11.4 cm (3.5–4.5 in) wide, whereas in snow they are bigger (11 cm (4.5 in) long and 13 cm (5 in) wide).[25][26] The warm coat, wide paws and long legs serve as adaptations for the lynx to efficiently navigate and hunt in snow.[5]

Canada lynx tracks in Alaska, with traces of fur

The Canada lynx has 28 teeth,[27] same as in other lynxes but unlike other felids that have 30.[6] The dental formula is 3.1.2.13.1.2.1. The deciduous dentition is 3.1.23.1.2 (24 teeth).[4] The four long canines are used for puncturing and gripping. The lynx can feel where it is biting the prey with its canines because they are heavily laced with nerves. It also has four carnassial teeth that cut the meat into small pieces. In order for the lynx to use its carnassials, it must chew the meat with its head to its side. There are large spaces between the four canines and the rest of the teeth, and the second upper premolars are absent, to ensure that the bite goes as deeply as possible into the prey.[28]

The Canada lynx can be told apart from the bobcat by its longer ear tufts, broader paws, shorter tail with a fully black tip, longer legs and the fewer markings and grayer shade of the coat.[6][25][29] The bobcat is generally smaller than the Canada lynx, but in areas where they are sympatric the bobcat tends to be larger and may still be confused with the Canada lynx.[20] The caracal resembles the lynxes in having similar tufts on the ears.[30]

Ecology and behaviour

The Canada lynx tends to be nocturnal like its primary prey, the snowshoe hare. Nevertheless, activity may be observed during daytime.[15] The lynx can cover 8–9 km (5.0–5.6 mi) every day to procure prey,[31][32] moving at 0.75–1.46 km/h (0.47–0.91 mph).[33] Lynxes are good swimmers;[21] one account records a lynx swimming 3.2 km (2 mi) across the Yukon River.[34] Canada lynxes are efficient climbers, and will dodge predators by climbing high up on trees, but they hunt only on the ground.[20] These lynxes are primarily solitary, with minimal social interaction except for the bond between mothers and female offspring, and the temporary association between individuals of opposite sexes during the mating season.[24][35] Individuals of the same sex particularly tend to avoid each other, forming "intrasexual" territories—a social structure similar to that found in bobcats, cougars, mustelids and ursids. Intraspecific aggression and consequent cannibalism are rare, but may be more common when food is scarce.[36]

Fishers are known to occasionally hunt Canada lynxes in the northeastern United States; a study in northern Maine identified predation by fishers as the leading cause of Canada lynx mortality over 12 years, though it did not appear to affect population growth in the lynxes.[37][38] A study identified plague as a major cause of mortality in reintroduced populations in Colorado.[39]

The Canada lynx is known to host several parasites including Cylicospirura felineus, Taenia species, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina and Troglostrongylus wilsoni.[40][41] Canada lynxes could have played a role in the transmission of the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii to the Inuit in North America.[42][43] A study in 2019 identified a gammaherpesvirus species in the Canada lynx for the first time. The study discovered a novel percavirus, named LcaGHV1, in spleen samples of Canada lynxes from Maine and Newfoundland.[44]

Home ranges
Lynxes are typically solitary with minimal social bonds.

Canada lynxes establish home ranges that vary widely in size, depending upon the method of measurement. The two common methods are examining the tracks of the lynx on snow (snow-tracking) and radio telemetry; snow-tracking generally gives smaller sizes for home ranges. Studies based on snow-tracking have estimated home range sizes of 11.1–49.5 km2 (4.3–19.1 sq mi), while those based on radio telemetry have given the area between 8 and 783 km2 (3.1 and 302.3 sq mi).[5] Like other cats, Canada lynxes scent-mark their ranges by spraying urine and depositing faeces on snow or tree stumps and other prominent sites in and around their range.[15]

Factors such as availability of prey (primarily snowshoe hare), density of lynxes and the topography of the habitat determine the shape and size of the home range.[5] Studies have tried to correlate the abundance of snowshoe hares in an area with the sizes of lynx home ranges in that area. A 1985 study showed that the mean size of home ranges trebled—from 13.2 to 39.2 km2 (5.1 to 15.1 sq mi)—when the density of hares fell from 14.7 to 1/ha (5.95 to 0.40/acre).[45] However, a few other studies have reported different responses from lynxes at times of prey scarcity; some lynxes do not show any changes in their ranges, while others may resort to hunting in small areas, occupying small home ranges.[5] Canada lynxes generally do not leave their home ranges frequently, though limited prey availability can force lynxes to disperse or expand their ranges.[46][47]

Males tend to occupy larger ranges than do females; for instance, data from a 1980 radio telemetric analysis in Minnesota showed that home ranges of males spread over 145–243 km2 (56–94 sq mi), while those of females covered 51–122 km2 (20–47 sq mi).[48] In another radio telemetric study in 1985 in Montana, male home ranges averaged 122 km2 (47 sq mi) and those of females averaged 43.1 km2 (16.6 sq mi).[49] In a study in the southern Northwest Territories, ranges of individuals of opposite sexes were found to overlap extensively, while the ranges of individuals of the same sex hardly coincided. The study suggested that individuals do not show any significant tendency to avoid or mingle with one another, and thus only passively defend their ranges.[46] Female home ranges contract in size when the females have offspring to take care of, and expand to their original size at the time of weaning.[36]

Canada lynxes at the periphery of a population, given their smaller numbers and susceptibility to separation from the central population by natural barriers (such as rivers), might face more difficulty in breeding with lynxes toward the centre of the population and hence show lower genetic variability.[50][51] However, lynxes are known to disperse over large distances, often thousands of kilometres, which might increase genetic variability in widely separated populations.[52] Lynxes typically move within areas where prey availability and the features of the snow (such as the hardness and the extent to which their paws sink into the snow) are more or less similar; individuals may disperse over smaller areas in areas of soft snow.[53]

Diet and hunting
Snowshoe hare, the primary prey of the Canada lynx

The Canada lynx preys primarily and almost exclusively on the snowshoe hare. These hares comprise 35–97% of their diet; the proportion varies by the season and the abundance of hares.[20] However, at times when the numbers of the hare drop, lynxes will include other animals in their diet—such as ducks, grouse, moles, ptarmigan, red squirrels, voles and young ungulates (Dall's sheep, mule deer and caribou)—though snowshoe hares continue to be the primary component. The Canada lynx tends to be less selective in summer and autumn, adding small mammals as a minor component of their diet besides the hare. The reason behind this is unclear—it could be due to greater abundance of alternate prey, or reduced success in hunting hares.[36] A study in Alaska found that lynxes played a role in the decrease in populations of red fox, caribou and Dall's sheep when hares were very low in number.[54] Lynxes have also been reported feeding occasionally on succulent sedges and grasses.[26] Canada lynxes ingest 0.6–1.2 kilograms (1.3–2.6 lb) of food everyday.[15][20]

Canadian lynxes hunt around twilight or at night, the time when snowshoe hares tend to be active.[20] Lynxes rely on their vision and sense of hearing to locate prey.[21] The lynx will roam or wait (in what researchers often term "ambush beds") on certain trails where snowshoe hares gather, pounce on a hare and kill it by a bite on its head, throat or the nape of its neck.[36] Sometimes a chase of around ten bounds may be necessary to trap the prey. The lynx is assisted by its stereoscopic vision in detecting prey and measuring distances. Staying in cover while hunting helps the lynx conserve energy in its frigid habitat by avoiding unnecessary movement.[26] Young ungulates are given a throat bite to suffocate them to death. The lynx may eat its kill immediately or cache it in snow or leaves to eat it over the next few days.[15][20][36] Studies suggest success in hunting hares depends heavily on the distance between the lynx and the hare when the lynx starts chasing it and their relative speeds, which in turn depends on the hunting prowess of the lynx, the alertness of the hare and the vegetation cover among other factors.[15] Lynxes will occasionally hunt together, though studies differ on how this affects the success rate compared to when an individual hunts alone.[36] These lynxes may hunt in groups when hares are scarce.[55] Scavenging is common; they will take ungulates killed by the cold or vehicles.[20]

A lynx stalking its prey

Apart from Canada lynxes, coyotes are also major predators of the snowshoe hare. A study showed that compared to lynxes, the feet of coyotes sink deeper in the snow due to their smaller size and hence a larger body mass to foot area ratio, prompting them to ambush their prey instead of chasing it like lynxes often do.[56] A study of the two species in southwest Yukon Territory showed that when the numbers of the hare increased, both predators killed more hares than were necessary for their subsistence; lynxes need to kill 0.4 to 0.5 hare per day to meet their energy requirements, but were observed to kill 1.2 hares per day during this period. Coyotes, with a success rate of 36.9%, emerged as more successful hunters than lynxes that succeeded in 28.7% of their hunts; however this may have resulted from the greater number of adult coyotes in the studied population. Lynxes rarely cached their kills, unlike coyotes, and this may have led to incomplete consumption of some kills. When snowshoe hare numbers declined, both predators hunted for the same time period as they did when hares were abundant, but lynxes killed more hares than they did earlier. Moreover, lynxes supplemented their diet with red squirrels.[33][55]

Relationship with the snowshoe hare
Numbers of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus, yellow, background) and Canada lynx (black line, foreground) furs sold to the Hudson's Bay Company

A specialist predator, the Canada lynx depends heavily on snowshoe hares for food.[20] Snowshoe hare populations in Alaska and central Canada undergo cyclic rises and falls—at times the population densities can fall from as high as 2,300/km2 (6,000/sq mi) to as low as 12/km2 (31/sq mi). Consequently, a period of hare scarcity occurs every 8 to 11 years. An example of a prey-predator cycle, the cyclic variations in snowshoe hare populations significantly affect the numbers of their predators—lynxes and coyotes—in the region. When the hare populations plummet, lynxes often move to areas with more hares, sometimes covering over 1,000 km (620 mi), and tend to not produce litters; as the numbers of the hare increase, so does the population of the lynx.[57][58][59][60] In northern Canada, the abundance of lynxes can be estimated from records of the numbers caught each year for their fur, maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company and the Canadian government since the 1730s.[61] Lynx populations have been found to periodically vary 3- to 17-fold.[57] These cycles have been cited as an example of the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey equations, caused by the interplay of three major factors—food, predation and social interaction.[62] A study involving statistical modelling of the interspecific relations of the snowshoe hare, the plant species it feeds on and its predators (including the Canada lynx) suggested that while the demographics of the lynx depend primarily on the hare, the hare's dynamics depend both on the plant species in its diet and predators, of which the Canada lynx is just one.[63] Environmental factors such as forest fires, precipitation and snowfall might also significantly affect this prey-predator cycle.[64]

Reproduction
A juvenile with its mother

The mating season is roughly a month long, from March to early April. Urine marking and mating calls are part of display behaviour, and increases the interaction between individuals of opposite sexes. Females can be induced ovulators when the availability of mates is low, or spontaneous ovulators when several mates are available. Females have only a single estrus cycle; estrus lasts for three to five days in captivity.[15] Individuals have been observed making long wailing vocalizations, probably as mating calls.[65] Before birth, the female prepares a maternal den, usually in very thick brush, and typically inside thickets of shrubs, trees or woody debris.[29][66] The home range of the expecting female shrinks and her activity at the den site increases.[15]

After a gestational period of two to three months, a litter of one to eight kittens is born.[15] Lynx reproductive cycles and litter sizes have been observed to vary with prey availability; litter size would typically contract in years of snowshoe hare decline (along with high infant mortality rates), and increase when hares were abundant.[67][68][69] Kittens weigh from 175 to 235 g (6.2 to 8.3 oz) at birth, and initially have grayish buff fur with black markings. They are blind for the first 14 days, and weaned at 12 weeks. Most births occur from May to July. Kittens leave the den after about five weeks, and begin hunting at between seven and nine months of age. They leave the mother at around ten months, as the next breeding season begins, but do not reach the full adult size until around two years old. Female offspring typically settle in home ranges close to their mothers and remain in contact with them for life, while male offspring move far from their mother's range. Females reach sexual maturity at ten months, although they often delay breeding for another year, whereas males reach maturity at two or three years. Canada lynxes have been reported to live for up to 16 years in wild, though most do not make it beyond 10 years; in captivity the lifespan may be as long as 27 years.[15][20][70]

Distribution and habitat
Canada lynxes prefer dense boreal forests.

The Canada lynx occurs predominantly in dense boreal forests, and its range heavily coincides with that of the snowshoe hare. Canada lynxes generally avoid open areas despite good prey availability; they face difficulty surviving in heavily logged areas and agricultural land, though they can thrive well in deforested areas which have been left to regenerate for 15 years or more. In the past, the lynx occurred from the northern United States (in 24 States), possibly up to the Rocky Mountains in New Mexico, to the tree line in the Arctic through coniferous forests in Alaska and Canada. The lynx continues to occur in most of Alaska and its erstwhile range in Canada. In the United States, the lynx occurs in the Blue Mountains, Cascade Range and southern Rocky Mountains, Great Lakes region and New England. The lynx has been successfully reintroduced in Colorado, where it had become extinct in the 1970s. Canada lynxes have been recorded up to an elevation of 4,310 m (14,140 ft).[1][15][20]

A Canada lynx was shot near Newton Abbot in the United Kingdom in 1903 after it attacked two dogs. The animal remained unidentified at the time and was preserved by Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, and was finally identified in a 2014 study. The researchers concluded that it had probably been captive for some time, perhaps as an exotic pet or part of a travelling menagerie, but may have survived for a substantial period after escaping. They considered it "the earliest recorded example of an exotic cat on the loose in the UK".[71][72][73][74]

Interactions with humans
Canada lynxes, improperly labeled as "Canadian", are trapped for their fur.

Trade

Canada lynxes are trapped in specific periods or seasons for fur trade in most of Alaska and Canada; hunting seasons and quotas are set based on population data. Alberta typically leads in the production of pelts, accounting for nearly a third of total for Canada. Following a cyclic fall in populations during the mid to late 1980s, there was a sharp decline in the prices and harvest of Canada lynx furs – the average number of pelts exported from Canada and the United States fell from 35,669 in 1980–1984 to 7,360 between 1986 and 1989. Subsequently the numbers have increased to 15,387 during 2000–2006. Average Illegal trade in fur and live animals appears to be negligible on the national scale.[57][75] Even without regulations on fur trade in place, the lynx-hare cycles and the distribution of the lynx have remained unaffected over the last century.[1]

A survey of the international wildlife trade between 1980 and 2004 recorded that among all lynxes, the Canada lynx accounted for 30% of legal items and had little part in illegal trade; the bobcat recorded the highest items in both legal and illegal trade. While it was unclear which lynxes were preferred in North America, bobcat and Canada lynx furs appeared to be in greater demand than those of other lynxes in Asian and European markets.[76]

Threats and conservation

In eastern Canada the lynx is threatened by competition with the eastern coyote, whose numbers in the region have rose in the last few decades. Habitat loss is the main threat in the contiguous United States, while trapping is a relatively insignificant cause of mortality.[1] Hybridization between Canada lynxes and bobcats has been reported in the southern periphery of the range. Hybridization between closely related species might significantly delimit the geographic range of the species, especially if they are endangered as reproductive success in females would be reduced by the birth of sterile offspring; on the other hand, fertile hybrids can compete and breed further with the parent species, potentiallyy reducing the numbers of the parent species. Canada lynx-bobcat hybrids have shown signs of reproductive success, and do not appear to pose any big threat to the parent species.[77][78] The Canada lynx is abundant over its broad range, and is not significantly threatened by its legal use in the international fur trade since more than two centuries. Therefore, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the Canada lynx as Least Concern.[1]

However, populations are relatively lower in the southern half of the range and are protected from killing for fur trade. The lynx is listed as Endangered in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.[1] On March 24, 2000, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) issued its Final Rule, which designated the Canada lynx a Threatened Species in 14 contiguous United States.[79] In 2005, the USFWS demarcated six major areas for revival where lynx reproduction had been reported in the past two decades: northern Maine and New Hampshire, northeastern Minnesota, northwestern Montana and northeastern Idaho, the Kettle River Range and the "Wedge area" between the Kettle and Columbia rivers of Washington, the northern Cascade Range of Washington, and the Greater Yellowstone area of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho.[1] By 2010, after an 11-year effort, the lynx had been successfully reintroduced into Colorado. The initial introduction was in the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado, but self-sustaining populations were established throughout the south-central Colorado Rockies as far north as Summit County.[80] A 2012 study showed that numbers have improved in the northeastern United States;[81] however a 2008 study showed lynx populations were not doing well in Washington due to habitat fragmentation. A 2017 study reported increasing numbers in many areas in the United States.[82] In January 2018, the USFWS declared that the Canada lynx no longer needed special protections in the United States following measures to preserve their populations, and their "Threatened" status may be revoked in the future.[83]

Coat of arms of Julie Payette

Various techniques have been employed to study Canada lynx populations; the data collected can provide useful information on the ecology and distribution of the species and develop effective conservation measures. In scent stations, the lynx is typically allured into camera-monitored areas by skunk scent (and sometimes catnip oil) and a 'flasher', an object like a bird wing that would move in the wind and prompt the lynx to investigate.[84] This technique, though systematic, might be too expensive to carry out in large areas. Other methods include radio telemetry and snow tracking. Snow tracking might be a challenge in areas lacking roads, and sometimes tracks of the bobcat can be mistaken for those of the Canada lynx.[85][86] Hair-snaring involves collecting hairs shed by the lynx, especially when they rub against objects (such as the snow); a study showed a mixture of beaver castroleum and catnip oil can strongly induce rubbing behaviour in lynxes. This method is generally inexpensive, and chances of misidentification are low as physical evidence like hairs can be genetically analyzed.[86]

In culture

Canada lynxes are featured in the coat of arms of Julie Payette, the Governor General of Canada since 2017. Designed by artist , it depicts two black lynxes with stars around their necks. As stated on the official website, the stars represent "the spark of passion" in the people and inspire them to "dare to dream".[87]

See also
  • Cats portal
  • Mammals portal
  • North America portal

References
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  2. Kerr, R. (1792). "F. lynx canadensis". The Animal Kingdom. London: A. Strahan & T. Cadell. pp. 157−158.
  3. Miller, G. S. Jr. (1912). List of North American Land Mammals in the United States National Museum, 1911. Washington, D.C.: United States National Museum. pp. 118−121.
  4. Tumlison, R. (1987). "Felis lynx". Mammalian Species (269): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503985. JSTOR 3503985.
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