Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.

Benigno Aquino Jr., a former Philippine senator, was assassinated on Sunday, August 21, 1983 on the tarmac of Manila International Airport (now named Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor). A longtime political opponent of President Ferdinand Marcos, Aquino had just landed in his home country after three years of self-imposed exile in the United States when he was shot in the head while being escorted from an aircraft to a vehicle that was waiting to transport him to prison. Also killed was Rolando Galman, who was later implicated in Aquino's murder.

Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
Part of the People Power Revolution
Benigno Aquino Jr.
LocationManila International Airport, Parañaque, Philippines
DateAugust 21, 1983
c. 13:00 PST (GMT+8)
TargetBenigno Aquino Jr.
Attack type
Shooting
Weapons.357 revolver
Deaths
  • Benigno Aquino Jr.
  • Rolando Galman
AssailantRolando Galman (disputed)
Pablo Martinez (disputed)[1]
Rogelio Moreno (disputed)
Convicted16 (including Pablo Martinez and Rogelio Moreno)

Aquino was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1967 and shortly thereafter began speaking out against Marcos's authoritarian rule. He was imprisoned on trumped up charges shortly after Marcos's 1972 declaration of martial law. In 1980, he suffered a heart attack in prison and was allowed to leave the country two months later by Marcos's wife, Imelda. He spent the next three years in exile near Boston before deciding to return to the Philippines.

Aquino's assassination is credited with transforming the opposition to the Marcos regime from a small, isolated movement into a national crusade. It is also credited with thrusting Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, into the public spotlight and her running for president in the 1986 snap election. Although Marcos was officially declared the winner of the election, widespread allegations of fraud and illegal tampering on Marcos's behalf are credited with sparking the People Power Revolution, which resulted in Marcos fleeing the country and conceding the presidency to Mrs. Aquino.

Although many, including the Aquino family, maintain that Marcos ordered Aquino's assassination, this was never definitively proven. An official government investigation ordered by Marcos shortly after the assassination led to murder charges against 25 military personnel and one civilian, all of whom were acquitted by the Sandiganbayan (special court). After Marcos was ousted, another government investigation under President Aquino's administration led to a retrial and the conviction of 16 military personnel, all of whom were sentenced to life imprisonment. Since then, one of the convicts was pardoned, three died in prison, and the remainder had their sentences commuted at various times; the last convicts were released from prison in 2009.

Background
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Benigno Aquino Jr. was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1967. During his first years as a senator, Aquino began speaking out against the authoritarian rule of President Ferdinand Marcos; Marcos in turn saw Aquino as the biggest threat to his power.

On September 23, 1972, Marcos declared martial law and ordered Aquino and others arrested and imprisoned on trumped up charges of murder and subversion. Aquino went on a hunger strike to protest the injustice of his military trial, but ended the strike after 40 days. The tribunal lasted several years, all while Aquino was still imprisoned, and on November 25, 1977, he was convicted on all charges and sentenced to death. However, Aquino and others believed that Marcos would not allow him to be executed as Aquino had gained a great deal of support while imprisoned, and such a fate would surely make him a martyr for his supporters.

In 1978, while still in prison, Aquino founded his political party, Lakas ng Bayan (abbreviated "LABAN"; English: People's Power, with the acronym meaning "fight" in Tagalog), to run for office in the Interim Batasang Pambansa (Parliament). All LABAN candidates lost, primarily to candidates of Marcos' party, amid allegations of election fraud.

In March 1980, Aquino suffered a heart attack in prison. He was transported to the Philippine Heart Center, where he suffered a second heart attack. Doctors determined he needed coronary artery bypass surgery; however, no surgeon wanted to perform the operation out of fear of controversy, and Aquino refused to undergo the procedure in the Philippines out of fear of sabotage by Marcos, indicating that he would either go to the United States to undergo the procedure or die in his prison cell. On May 8, 1980, First Lady Imelda Marcos arranged for Aquino and his family to leave for the U.S. He underwent a coronary bypass surgery in Dallas, Texas and met with Muslim leaders in Damascus, Syria, before settling with his family in Newton, Massachusetts.

Aquino spent the next three years in self-exile in the U.S., wherein he worked on manuscripts for two books and delivered several lectures and speeches critical of the Marcos government across the nation. By 1983, news of the political situation in the Philippines led Aquino to return to the country, fully aware of the danger that awaited him.

Former Lanao del Sur congressman Rashid Lucman helped Aquino circumvent Malacañang Palace's order not to issue passports to the Aquino family, providing him with a passport under the alias "Marcial Bonifacio" – a reference to martial law as well as Aquino's detention at Fort Bonifacio.[2]

Aquino, after flying in a circuitous route from the United States to several Asian cities such as Singapore and Kuala Lumpur to meet Malaysian leaders, and then to Hong Kong, boarded a China Airlines plane in Taipei and landed in Manila on August 21, 1983.

Assassination

Prior to his departure from Taipei, Aquino gave an interview from his room at the Grand Hotel in which he indicated that he would be wearing a bulletproof vest. He advised the journalists that would be accompanying him on the flight: "You have to be ready with your hand camera because this action can become very fast. In a matter of three or four minutes it could be all over, and I may not be able to talk to you again after this."[3] His last few moments in the flight while being interviewed by the journalist Jim Laurie, and just prior to disembarking from the flight at Manila airport, were recorded on camera.[4]

On the morning of August 21, 1983, accompanied by his brother-in-law, ABC News correspondent Ken Kashiwahara,[5] along with other members of the press, Aquino boarded China Airlines Flight 811 that departed Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport. In Manila, a contingent of over 1,000 armed soldiers and police were assigned by the government to provide security for Aquino's arrival. Flight 811 arrived at the Manila International Airport in gate eight at 1:04 in the afternoon.[6]

Upon the airplane's arrival at gate eight, soldiers boarded the airplane to arrest Aquino. The soldiers escorted him off the airplane and onto the jet bridge; however, instead of following the jet bridge to the terminal, they exited the jet bridge down the service staircase onto the apron, where a military vehicle was waiting to bring him to prison.[6] As Aquino disembarked the plane, one of the personnel was heard saying "Pusila! Pusila! Op! Pusila! Pusila! Pusila!" ("Pusila" is the Visayan word for "shoot") before the gunshots were heard. It was recorded on the news camera, but the actual shooting of Aquino was not caught on camera due to the exposure to bright sunlight.[7][8]

When the firing stopped, Aquino and a man later identified as Rolando Galman lay dead on the apron, both from gunshot wounds. Aquino's body was carried into an Aviation Security Command (AVSECOM) van by two AVSECOM SWAT soldiers, while another soldier at the bumper of the van continued to fire shots at Galman. The AVSECOM van sped away, leaving behind the bullet-riddled body of Galman. The subsequent Sandiganbayan ruling later established that Aquino had died before arriving at Fort Bonifacio General Hospital.[9] However, this remains controversial due to contradicting evidence presented in court interviews of General Custodio.

In 2010, the AVSECOM van (dubbed "Ninoy Aquino's death van" by some) was found in Villamor Air Base in Pasay.[10]

Pablo Martinez, one of the convicted conspirators in the assassination, alleged that his co-conspirators told him that Danding Cojuangco ordered the assassination. Martinez also alleges that only he and Galman knew of the assassination, and that Galman was the actual shooter, a point not corroborated by other evidence in the case.[11]

A reenactment by the military showed that Rolando Galman approached Aquino and shot him moments before he could board the van.[7] An official report of the Marcos government and Pablo Martinez stated that Galman shot Aquino dead. However, there is no solid evidence to substantiate this claim.[7] Several foreign media personnel were with Aquino on the plane.[7]

Murder weapon

According to contemporary news reports, the alleged murder weapon was an American-made handgun, specifically a Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum revolver, which the Interpol traced to a gun store in Bangkok. It was also reported that the manufacturer had shipped the pistol to the Thai National Trading Co. in Bangkok on 25 September 1970.

Funeral

Aquino lay in state for nine days, with no effort made to disguise a bullet wound that had disfigured his face. Aquino's mother, Doña Aurora, told the funeral home not to embalm nor apply makeup on the body, so that the public may see "what they did to my son". Thousands of supporters flocked to Aquino's wake, which took place at his house on Times Street in the West Triangle neighbourhood of Quezon City. Aquino's wife, Corazon, and children Ballsy, Pinky, Viel, Noynoy, and Kris arrived from Boston the day after the assassination. In a later interview, Aquino's eldest daughter, Ballsy (now Aquino-Cruz), recounted that they learnt of the assassination through a phone call from Kyodo News.[12]

Aquino was later transferred to Santo Domingo Church, where his funeral was held on August 31. Following a Mass at 9 a.m., with the Cardinal Archbishop of Manila, Jaime Sin officiating, the funeral procession brought his remains to Manila Memorial Park in Parañaque. The flatbed truck that served as his hearse wound through Metro Manila for 12 hours, finally reaching the memorial park at around 9 p.m. More than two million people lined the streets for the procession, which passed by Rizal Park, where the Philippine flag had been brought to half-staff. Church-sponsored Radio Veritas was the only station to broadcast the entire ceremony.

Jovito Salonga, then head of the Liberal Party, said about Aquino:

Ninoy was getting impatient in Boston, he felt isolated by the flow of events in the Philippines. In early 1983, Marcos was seriously ailing, the Philippine economy was just as rapidly declining, and insurgency was becoming a serious problem. Ninoy thought that by coming home he might be able to persuade Marcos to restore democracy and somehow revitalize the Liberal Party.[13]

Investigation

Everyone from the Central Intelligence Agency, to the United Nations, to the Communist Party of the Philippines, to First Lady Imelda Marcos was accused of conspiracy.[14] President Marcos was reportedly gravely ill, recovering from a kidney transplant when the incident occurred. Theories arose as to who was in charge and who ordered the execution. Some hypothesized that Marcos had a long-standing order for Aquino's murder upon the latter's return.

Rolando Galman

Mere hours after the shooting, the government declared that Rolando Galman, a communist hitman acting on orders from Philippine Communist Party chairman Rodolfo Salas, was the man who killed Aquino.[15] A government reenactment that aired on television days after the shooting alleged that Galman hid under the service staircase while Aquino and the boarding party descended it, and as Aquino neared the van, Galman emerged from under the staircase and shot Aquino in the back of the head. Several members of the security detail in turn fired several shots at Galman, killing him.

There were numerous irregularities in this version of events, including the amount of time between Aquino leaving the plane to the sound of gunfire (eight seconds), whereas this scenario would have taken at least 13 seconds, when reenacted, as well as how an alleged lone gunman could have penetrated a security detail of over 1,000 people at the airport without assistance. Politicians and diplomats found evident contradictions between the claim and the photos and videotape footage that documented the time before and after the shooting.[16] Years later, the official investigation into the assassination concluded that Galman was a scapegoat in a larger plot to kill Aquino; despite this conclusion, many prominent individuals continue to support the position that Galman was the perpetrator.

Agrava Board

Marcos immediately created a fact-finding commission called the Fernando Commission to investigate Aquino's assassination. It was headed by Supreme Court Chief Justice Enrique Fernando. Four retired Supreme Court justices were appointed; they resigned after its composition was challenged in court. Arturo M. Tolentino declined his appointment as board chairman. However, the commission held only two sittings due to intense public criticism.[6]

On October 14, 1983, President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1886,[17] creating an independent board of inquiry, called the "Agrava Commission" or "Agrava Board". The board was composed of former Court of Appeals Justice Corazon J. Agrava[6] as chairwoman, with lawyer Luciano E. Salazar, businessman Dante G. Santos, labor leader Ernesto F. Herrera, and educator Amado C. Dizon as members.

The Agrava Fact-Finding Board convened on November 3, 1983. Before it could start its work, President Marcos accused the communists of the killing of Senator Aquino: the decision to eliminate the former senator, Marcos claimed, was made by none other than the general-secretary of the Philippine Communist Party, Rodolfo Salas. He was referring to his earlier claim that Aquino had befriended and subsequently betrayed his communist comrades.

The Agrava Board conducted public hearings and requested testimonies from several persons who might shed light on the crimes, including Imelda Marcos, and General Fabian Ver, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

In the subsequent proceedings, no one actually identified who fired the gun that killed Aquino, but Rebecca Quijano, another passenger, testified that she saw a man behind Aquino (running from the stairs towards Aquino and his escorts) point a gun at the back of his head, after which there was a sound of a gunshot. A post-mortem analysis disclosed that Aquino was shot in the back of the head at close range with the bullet exiting at the chin at a downward angle, which supported Quijano's testimony. More suspicions were aroused when Quijano described the assassin as wearing a military uniform.

After a year of thorough investigation—with 20,000 pages of testimony given by 193 witnesses, the Agrava Board submitted two reports to President Marcos—the Majority and Minority Reports. The Minority Report, submitted by Chairman Agrava alone, was submitted on October 23, 1984. It confirmed that the Aquino assassination was a military conspiracy, but it cleared General Ver. Many believed that President Marcos intimidated and pressured the members of the Board to persuade them not to indict Ver, Marcos's first cousin and most trusted general. Excluding Chairman Agrava, the majority of the board submitted a separate report—the Majority Report indicting several members of the Armed Forces including Ver, General Luther Custodio, and General Prospero Olivas, head of the AVSECOM.

Trials and convictions

In 1985, 25 military personnel (including several generals and colonels) and one civilian were charged for the murders of Benigno Aquino Jr. and Rolando Galman. President Marcos relieved Ver as AFP Chief and appointed his second cousin, General Fidel V. Ramos, as acting AFP Chief. The accused were tried by the Sandiganbayan (special court). After a brief trial, the Sandiganbayan acquitted all of the accused on December 2, 1985.[18] Immediately after the decision, Marcos re-instated Ver. The Sandiganbayan ruling and the reinstatement of Ver were denounced as a mockery of justice.

After Marcos was ousted in 1986, another investigation was set up by the new government.[19] Sixteen defendants were found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. The sixteen were Brig. Gen. Luther Custodio, Capt. Romeo Bautista, 2nd Lt. Jesus Castro, Sergeants Claro L. Lat, Arnulfo de Mesa, Filomeno Miranda, Rolando de Guzman, Ernesto Mateo, Rodolfo Desolong, Ruben Aquino, and Arnulfo Artates, Constable Rogelio Moreno (the alleged gunman), M/Sgt. Pablo Martinez (also the alleged gunman), C1C Mario Lazaga, A1C Cordova Estelo, and A1C Felizardo Taran.

The convicts filed an appeal to have their sentences reduced after 22 years, claiming that the assassination was ordered by Marcos crony and business partner (and Corazon Aquino's estranged cousin) Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.. The Supreme Court ruled that it did not qualify as newly found evidence.[20] Through the years, some have been pardoned, others have died in detention, while others have had their terms commuted and then served out. In November 2007, Pablo Martinez was released from the New Bilibid Prison after President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ordered his release on humanitarian grounds.[21]

As of March 2009, the last remaining convicts have been released from prison.

Aftermath
Bloodied safari jacket, pants (folded), belt, and boots worn by Aquino upon his return from exile are on permanent display at the Aquino Center in Tarlac.

Aquino's death transformed the Philippine opposition from a small isolated movement to a massive unified crusade, incorporating people from all walks of life. The middle class got involved, the impoverished majority participated, and business leaders whom Marcos had irked during martial law endorsed the campaign—all with the crucial support of the military and the Catholic Church hierarchy. The assassination showed the increasing incapacity of the Marcos regime—Ferdinand was mortally ill when the crime occurred while his cronies mismanaged the country in his absence. It outraged Aquino's supporters that Marcos, if not masterminding it, allowed the assassination to happen and engineered its cover-up. The mass revolt caused by Aquino's demise attracted worldwide media attention and Marcos's American contacts, as well as the Reagan administration, began distancing themselves. There was a global media spotlight on the Philippine crisis, and exposes on Imelda's extravagant lifestyle (most infamously, her thousands of pairs of shoes) and "mining operations", as well as Ferdinand's excesses, came into focus.

The assassination thrust Aquino's widow, Corazon, into the public eye. She was the presidential candidate of UNIDO opposition party in the 1986 snap election, running against Marcos. The official results showed a Marcos victory, but this was universally dismissed as fraudulent. In the subsequent People Power Revolution, Marcos resigned and went into exile, and Corazon Aquino became president.

While no Filipino president has ever been assassinated, Benigno Aquino is one of three presidential spouses who had been murdered. Alicia Syquia-Quirino and three of her children was murdered by Imperial Japanese troops along during the Battle of Manila in 1945, while Doña Aurora Quezon was killed along with her daughter and son-in-law in a Hukbalahap ambush in 1949.

Memorials
Manila International Airport, which was renamed in honor of Aquino

In 1987, Manila International Airport, where the assassination occurred, was renamed "Ninoy Aquino International Airport" in Aquino's honour. The spot where his body lay sprawled is now marked by a brass plaque on the apron.

Ninoy Aquino Day was formally instituted upon the passage of Republic Act No. 9256 and was to be observed every August 21[22] (the anniversary of Aquino's death). However, by order of former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the observance of this holiday became moveable—to be celebrated on the "Monday nearest August 21" every year—as part of her controversial 'holiday economics' philosophy as reflected in Republic Act No. 9492.[23] The commemoration has since been reverted to August 21 by orders of then-President Benigno Aquino III.

Timeline of the murder case
  • August 21, 1983 – Benigno Aquino Jr. and Rolando Galman are assassinated on the apron of Manila International Airport.
  • August 24, 1983 – President Ferdinand Marcos creates a fact-finding commission headed by Supreme Court Chief Justice Enrique Fernando to investigate the Aquino murder.
  • August 31, 1983 – More than two million people attend Aquino's twelve-hour funeral procession.
  • October 22, 1983 – Marcos creates another fact-finding committee known as the Agrava Fact-Finding Board.
  • October 22, 1984 – The Agrava Board releases reports concluding that military officers, which included General Fabian Ver, conspired to kill Aquino; the Supreme Court assigns the case to the Sandiganbayan.
  • December 2, 1985 – The Sandiganbayan acquits all of the accused.
  • September 12, 1986 – The Supreme Court, newly re-organized following the 1986 EDSA Revolution, orders a retrial of the accused. 25 military men and one civilian are charged.
  • September 28, 1990 – 16 defendants are convicted by the Sandiganbayan and sentenced to life imprisonment.
  • July 23, 1991 – The Supreme Court affirms the Sandiganbayan conviction.
  • November 21, 1998 – General Ver dies of a lung ailment in Bangkok.
  • March 8, 2005 – The Supreme Court denies the petition of the accused (filed in August 2004) to re-open the case.[24]
  • August 21, 2007 – Chief Justice Andrés Narvasa appeals for the closure of the case on the 24th anniversary of the assassination. Juan Ponce Enrile asks for a review of clemency in favor of the 14 convicts, while Pedro Arigo, Vicar Apostolic of Puerto Princesa and chairman of the CBCP's Episcopal Commission on Prison Pastoral Care (ECPPC), asks pardon for the convicts. Corazon Aquino and Benigno Aquino III forgive the 14 soldiers but oppose their appeals for clemency or parole (which Secretary Raul Gonzáles submitted to President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in 2004). Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita states that the Bureau of Pardons and Parole had recommended a grant of executive clemency.[25][26][27]
  • August 24, 2007 – Secretary Ermita officially announces that, due to political implications, the appeal for clemency by the 14 soldiers was archived, even if the Bureau of Pardons and Parole was still reviewing the plea. Ermita refuses to give a timeframe for the review.[28]
  • November 22, 2007 – After two decades, M/Sgt. Pablo Martínez (one of the convicted), is pardoned by President Macapagal-Arroyo for humanitarian reasons. Martínez said:

Kung nakikinig man kayo Madam Cory Aquino, patawarin ninyo ako sa nagawa kong pagkakasala noón. (If you are listening, Madame Cory Aquino, forgive me for the sin I committed before.)[29]

  • March 14, 2008 – Former Cpl. 1st Class Mario Lazaga, one of the 16 convicted soldiers, dies in prison of hypertension. Two other convicts had already died in detention since M/Sgt. Martínez's pardon.[30]
  • February 2009 – A1C Felizardo Taran and Sgt. Rolando de Guzmán complete their prison terms and are released.[31]
  • March 4, 2009 – The remaining ten convicts – Rogelio Moreno, Ruben Aquino, Arnulfo Artates, Romeo Bautista, Jesús Castro, Arnulfo de Mesa, Rodolfo Desolong, Claro Lat, Ernesto Mateo, and Filomeno Miranda – are released.[32]
  • May 7, 2014 – M/Sgt. Martínez is hit by an SUV. He was rushed to San Juan de Dios Hospital, where he dies during treatment at the age of 77.[33][34]

See also
  • Timeline of the Marcos Dictatorship

References
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  2. Aquino, Corazon C. (21 August 2003). "The last time I saw Ninoy". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  3. "YouTube - Ninoy Aquino: Worth Dying For (the last interview!) ORIGINAL UPLOAD". Youtube.com. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
  4. Laurie, Jim. "The Last moments and assassination of Ninoy Aquino". You Tube. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  5. Kashiwahara, Ken. "Aquino's Final Journey". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  6. Sandiganbayan ruling - Investigation of the assassination of Benigno Aquino (PDF). Maynila: Fact Finding Board. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  7. "Agosto Beinte-Uno". ABS-CBN News – via YouTube.
  8. "Benigno Aquino Assassinated - 1983 | Today In History | 21 Aug 17". AP Archive. YouTube.
  9. People of the Philippines v. B/Gen. Luther A. Custodio, et. al, 1983, Decision of the Special Division of the Sandiganbayan in Criminal Case No. 10010 and 10011
  10. Robles, Raissa. (20 August 2012). "Ninoy Aquino's death van". Inside Philippine Politics and Beyond.
  11. "Transcript of ABS-CBN Interview with Pablo Martinez, co-accused in the Aquino murder case". Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  12. "The assassination of Benigno Aquino". History Channel. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  13. "The Greatest President We Never Had". Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  14. "6 People Who Killed Ninoy Aquino, According to Conspiracy Theorist". Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  15. Chronicles of a Revolution: 1995, p. 27
  16. "Test of Wills". Time. October 24, 1983. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  17. "Creating a Fact-Finding Board with Plenary Powers to Investigate the Tragedy Which Occurred on August 21, 1983". Presidential Decree No. 1886. Malacanang Palace. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  18. 10 things of interest about the assassination of Ninoy Aquino, Aquino, Tricia. (20 August 2013), Interaksyon.com
  19. "Challenge to Marcos: The Tumult Since '83; Aquino Assassination in 1983 Created Conditions for Crisis". The New York Times. 23 February 1986. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  20. "Custodio vs Sandiganbayan : 96027-28 : March 8, 2005 : J. Puno : En Banc Resolution". sc.judiciary.gov.ph. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  21. "Aquino-Galman murder convict freed by Arroyo". GMA News. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  22. "Republic Act No. 9256" , accessed April 28, 2011.
  23. "Republic Act No. 9492" , accessed April 28, 2011.
  24. "- Decisions / Signed Resolutions". Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  25. Inquirer.net, Pardon for Ninoy Aquino's killers now in Arroyo's hands
  26. "Bishop to ask clemency for convicts in Ninoy case". GMA News Online. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  27. "G.R. No. 72670". Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  28. "Abs-Cbn Interactive, Palace mulls clemency for 14 soldiers in Aquino-Galman slay". Archived from the original on September 26, 2007.
  29. "Aquino-Galman murder convict freed by Arroyo". GMA News Online. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  30. "Another Aquino-Galman convict dies". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  31. "Timeline: Double murders on tarmac - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  32. "10 Aquino-Galman convicts free finally - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  33. "Soldier who provided leads on Ninoy Aquino slay dies in crash". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
  34. News, ABS-CBN. "Sergeant who linked Danding to Ninoy assassination dies". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 2018-05-17.

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