Anchorage, Alaska

Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage; Dena'ina: Dgheyay Kaq') is a unified home rule municipality in the U.S. state of Alaska, on the West Coast of the United States. With an estimated 291,538 residents in 2018,[5] it is Alaska's most populous city and contains 39.37% of the state's population; among the 50 states, only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in its most populous city. The Anchorage metropolitan area, which includes Anchorage and the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough, had a population of 396,317 in 2019, accounting for more than half the state's population. At 1,706 square miles (4,420 km2) of land area, the city is the fourth-largest by area in the United States and larger than the smallest state, Rhode Island, which has 1,212 square miles (3,140 km2).[7][8]

Anchorage, Alaska

Dgheyay Kaq'
Consolidated city-borough
Municipality of Anchorage
Anchorage skyline and Bootleggers Cove, viewed from Point Woronzof Park, April 2008

Flag

Seal
Nicknames: 
"The City of Lights and Flowers", "Los Anchorage"[1][2]
Motto(s): 
Big Wild Life
Anchorage
Location within Alaska
Anchorage
Location within North America
Coordinates: 61°13′N 149°54′W
Country United States
State Alaska
BoroughAnchorage
Settled1914
Incorporated
  • November 23, 1920 (city)
  • January 1, 1964 (borough)
  • September 15, 1975
    (unified municipality)
Named forThe anchorage at the mouth of Ship Creek
Government
  BodyAnchorage Assembly[3]
  MayorEthan Berkowitz (D)
  Alaska Senate
  Alaska House
Area
  Consolidated city-borough1,944.05 sq mi (5,035.06 km2)
  Land1,706.80 sq mi (4,420.59 km2)
  Water237.25 sq mi (614.47 km2)
  Urban
78.8 sq mi (204 km2)
Elevation
102 ft (31 m)
Population
 (2010)
  Consolidated city-borough291,826
  Estimate 
(2018)[5]
291,538
  Rank
  • 1st in Alaska
  • 66th in the United States
  Density170.81/sq mi (65.95/km2)
  Urban
251,243 (US: 149th)[6]
  Metro
399,148 (US: 134th)
Demonym(s)
  • Anchoragite
  • Anchoriginal (informal)
Time zoneUTC-9 (AKST)
  Summer (DST)UTC-8 (AKDT)
ZIP code
99501–99524, 99529-99530, 99599
Area code(s)907
Geocode1398242
FIPS code02-03000
Websitewww.muni.org

Anchorage is in Southcentral Alaska, at the terminus of the Cook Inlet, on a peninsula formed by the Knik Arm to the north and the Turnagain Arm to the south.[9] The city limits span 1,961.1 square miles (5,079.2 km2), encompassing the urban core, a joint military base,[10] several outlying communities and almost all of Chugach State Park.[11]

Due to its location, almost equidistant from New York City and Tokyo, Anchorage lies within 9 12 hours by air of nearly 90% of the industrialized world.[12] For this reason, Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a common refueling stop for international cargo flights and home to a major FedEx hub, which the company calls a "critical part" of its global network of services.[13]

Anchorage has won the All-America City Award four times: in 1956, 1965, 1984–85, and 2002, from the National Civic League.[14] Kiplinger has named it the United States' most tax-friendly city.[15]

History

Russian presence in south-central Alaska was well-established in the 19th century. In 1867, U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from Imperial Russia for $7.2 million, or about two cents an acre ($109.3 million in 2018 dollars).[16] His political rivals lampooned the deal as "Seward's folly," "Seward's icebox," and "Walrussia." In 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm just south of modern-day Anchorage.

The tent city (called "The White City" in the handwritten caption) in Ship Creek, photographed by Alberta Pyatt on July 1, 1915.

Alaska became an organized incorporated United States territory in 1912. Anchorage, unlike every other large town in Alaska south of the Brooks Range, was neither a fishing nor mining camp. The area surrounding Anchorage lacks significant economic metal minerals. A number of Dena'ina settlements existed along Knik Arm for years. By 1911 the families of J. D. "Bud" Whitney and Jim St. Clair lived at the mouth of Ship Creek and were joined there by a young forest ranger, Jack Brown, and his bride, Nellie, in 1912.[17]

The city grew from its happenstance choice as the site, in 1914, under the direction of Frederick Mears, of a railroad-construction port for the Alaska Engineering Commission. The area near the mouth of Ship Creek, where the railroad headquarters was located, quickly became a tent city. A townsite was mapped out on higher ground to the south of the tent city, greatly noted in the years since for its order and rigidity compared with other Alaska town sites.[18] In 1915, territorial governor John Franklin Alexander Strong encouraged residents to change the city's name to one that had "more significance and local associations".[19] In the summer of that year, residents held a vote to change the city's name; a plurality of residents favored changing the city's name to "Alaska City."[19] However, the territorial government ultimately declined to change the city's name.[19] Anchorage was incorporated on November 23, 1920.[18]

Construction of the Alaska Railroad continued until its completion in 1923. The city's economy in the 1920s and 1930s centered on the railroad. Col. Otto F. Ohlson, the Swedish-born general manager of the railroad for nearly two decades, became a symbol of residents' contempt due to the firm control he maintained over the railroad's affairs, which by extension became control over economic and other aspects of life in Alaska.

Fourth Avenue in 1953, looking east from near I Street. Just ten years before, the retail area shown in the foreground was mostly an industrial area, housing lumber yards and similar uses.

Between the 1930s and the 1950s, the city experienced massive growth as air transportation and the military became increasingly important. Aviation operations in Anchorage commenced along the firebreak south of town (today's Delaney Park Strip), which residents also used as a golf course. An increase in air traffic led to clearing of a site directly east of town site boundaries starting in 1929; this became Merrill Field, which served as Anchorage's primary airport during the 1930s and 1940s, until Anchorage International Airport replaced it in 1951. However, Merrill Field still sees a significant amount of general aviation traffic.

Elmendorf Air Force Base and the United States Army's Fort Richardson were constructed in the 1940s, and served as the city's primary economic engine until the 1968 Prudhoe Bay discovery shifted the thrust of the economy toward the oil industry. The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure process led to the combining of the two bases (along with Kulis Air National Guard Base) to form Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson.

Fourth Avenue after the Good Friday or Great Alaskan earthquake on March 27, 1964.

The Good Friday earthquake of March 27, 1964, hit Anchorage hard at a magnitude of 9.2, killing 115 people and causing $116 million in damages ($0.73 billion in 2018 dollars).[16][20][21][22] The earth-shaking event lasted nearly five minutes; most structures that failed remained intact for the first few minutes then failed with repeated flexing.[21][22] It was the world's second-largest earthquake in recorded history.[21][22] Because the geology in the city and surrounding suburban area was built on top ground consisting of glacial silt, the prolonged shaking from the earthquake caused soil liquefaction, leading to massive cracks in roadways and collapse of large swaths of land. One of the most impacted housing areas of Anchorage, the Turnagain neighborhood, saw dozens of homes originally at 250 to 300 feet above sea level sink with the land they sat on down to sea level. Rebuilding and recovery dominated the remainder of the 1960s.

In 1968, ARCO discovered oil in Prudhoe Bay on the Alaska North Slope, and the resulting oil boom spurred further growth in Anchorage. In 1975, the City of Anchorage and the Greater Anchorage Area Borough (which includes Eagle River, Girdwood, Glen Alps, and several other communities) merged into the geographically larger Municipality of Anchorage[18] The city continued to grow in the 1980s, and capital projects and an aggressive beautification campaign took place. During this time Anchorage became known as the "Green Apple of the Arctic."

Several attempts have been made to move Alaska's state capital from Juneau to Anchorage – or to a site closer to Anchorage. The motivation is straightforward: the "railbelt" between Anchorage and Fairbanks contains the majority of the state's population. Robert Atwood, owner of the Anchorage Times and a tireless booster for the city, championed the move. Alaskans rejected attempts to move the capital in 1960 and 1962, but in 1974, as Alaska's center of population moved away from Southeast Alaska and to the railbelt, voters approved the move. Communities such as Fairbanks and much of rural Alaska opposed moving the capital to Anchorage for fear of concentrating more power in the state's largest city. As a result, in 1976 voters approved a plan to build a new capital city near Willow, about 70 miles (110 km) north of Anchorage. In the 1978 election, opponents to the move reacted by campaigning to defeat a nearly $1 billion bond issue to fund construction of the new capitol building and related facilities ($3 billion in 2018 dollars).[16]. Later attempts to move the capital or the legislature to Wasilla, north of Anchorage, also failed.[23] Anchorage has over twice as many state employees as Juneau, and is to a considerable extent the center of state and federal government activity in Alaska.

Geography

Satellite view of the "Anchorage bowl", also including Fire Island, Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson and Eagle River.

Anchorage is in Southcentral Alaska. At 61 degrees north, it lies slightly farther north than Oslo, Stockholm, Helsinki and Saint Petersburg, but not as far north as Reykjavík or Murmansk. It is northeast of the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and Cook Inlet, due north of the Kenai Peninsula, northwest of Prince William Sound and the Alaska Panhandle, and nearly due south of Denali.

The city is on a strip of coastal lowland and extends up the lower alpine slopes of the Chugach Mountains. Point Campbell, the westernmost point of Anchorage on the mainland, juts out into Cook Inlet near its northern end, at which point it splits into two arms. To the south is Turnagain Arm, a fjord that has some of the world's highest tides. Knik Arm, another tidal inlet, lies to the west and north. The Chugach Mountains on the east form a boundary to development, but not to the city limits, which encompass part of the wild alpine territory of Chugach State Park.

The city's sea coast consists mostly of treacherous mudflats. Newcomers and tourists are warned not to walk in this area because of extreme tidal changes and the very fine glacial silt. Unwary victims have walked onto the solid seeming silt revealed when the tide is out and have become stuck in the mud. The two recorded instances of this occurred in 1961 and 1988.[24]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the municipality has an area of 1,961.1 square miles (5,079.2 km2); 1,697.2 square miles (4,395.8 km2) of which is land and 263.9 square miles (683.4 km2) of it is water. The total area is 13.46% water.

Boroughs and census areas next to the Municipality of Anchorage are Matanuska-Susitna Borough to the north, Kenai Peninsula Borough to the south and Valdez-Cordova Census Area to the east. The Chugach National Forest, a national protected area, extends into the southern part of the municipality, near Girdwood and Portage.

Cityscape

Panorama of Anchorage as viewed at night from the Glen Alps neighborhood, near Flattop Mountain.
The USS Anchorage departing from its eponymous port in May 2013. The vessel is framed by the city's downtown and the Chugach Mountain Range in the background.
Panorama of Cook Inlet near the mouth of Turnagain Arm, a few miles south of the "Anchorage bowl." The tide is out, exposing the surrounding mudflats.

Wildlife

Moose and calf outside of a church in Anchorage

A diverse wildlife population exists within urban Anchorage and the surrounding area. Approximately 250 black bears and 60 grizzly bears live in the area. Bears are regularly sighted within the city. Moose are also a common sight; in the Anchorage Bowl, there is a summer population of approximately 250 moose, increasing to as many as 1,000 during the winter. They are a hazard to drivers, with over 100 moose killed by cars each year. Two people were stomped to death, in 1993 and 1995, in Anchorage.[25] Cross-country skiers and dog mushers using city trails have been charged by moose on numerous occasions; the Alaska Department of Fish and Game has to kill some individual aggressive moose in the city every year. Mountain goats can be commonly sighted along the Seward Highway between Anchorage and Girdwood, and Dall sheep are often viewed quite close to the road at Windy Point.[26] Approximately thirty northern timber wolves reside in the Anchorage area. In 2007 several dogs were killed by timber wolves while on walks with their owners.[27][28] There are also beaver dams in local creeks and lakes, and sightings of foxes and kits in parking lots close to wooded areas in the spring are common. Along the Seward Highway headed toward Kenai, there are common sightings of beluga whales in the Turnagain Arm. Lynxes are occasionally sighted in Anchorage as well. Within the Municipality there are also a number of streams that host salmon runs. Fishing for salmon at Ship Creek next to downtown is popular in the summer.

Climate

An early summer day at Jewel Lake Park in western Anchorage, Alaska.
Anchorage as viewed from the Glenn Alps trailhead during the summer.
Anchorage as viewed from Glen Alps trailhead during 0 °F (−18 °C) weather in the winter.

Anchorage has a dry-summer subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsc) but with strong maritime influences that lead to a relatively moderate climate.[29] Most of its precipitation falls in late summer. Average daytime summer temperatures range from approximately 55 to 78 °F (13 to 26 °C); average daytime winter temperatures are about 5 to 30 °F (−15.0 to −1.1 °C). Anchorage has a frost-free growing season that averages slightly over 101 days. According to local folklore, when a native plant called fireweed goes to seed after a full bloom, the first snowfall of winter is 6 weeks away.[30]

Average January low and high temperatures at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC) are 11 to 23 °F (−12 to −5 °C) with an average winter snowfall of 75.5 inches (192 cm).[31] The 2011–2012 winter had 134.5 in (341.6 cm), which made it the[32] snowiest winter on record, topping[32][33] the 1954–1955 winter with 132.8 in (337.3 cm). The coldest temperature ever recorded at the original weather station at Merrill Field on the East end of 5th Avenue was −38 °F (−38.9 °C) on February 3, 1947.[nb 1]

Summers are typically mild (although cool compared to the contiguous US and even interior Alaska), and it can rain frequently, although not abundantly. Average July low and high temperatures are 52 to 66 °F (11 to 19 °C) and the highest reading ever recorded was 90 °F (32.2 °C) on July 4, 2019.[34] The average annual precipitation at the airport is 16.63 inches (422 mm).[35] Anchorage's latitude causes summer days to be very long and winter daylight hours to be very short. The city is often cloudy during the winter, which further decreases the amount of sunlight experienced by residents.[36]

Due to its proximity to active volcanoes, ash hazards are a significant, though infrequent, occurrence. The most recent notable volcanic activity centered on the multiple eruptions of Mount Redoubt during March–April 2009, resulting in a 25,000-foot (7,600 m) high ash cloud as well as ash accumulation throughout the Cook Inlet region. Previously, the most active recent event was an August 1992 eruption of Mount Spurr, which is 78 miles (126 km) west of the city.[37] The eruption deposited about 3 mm (0.1 in) of volcanic ash on the city. The clean-up of ash resulted in excessive demands for water and caused major problems for the Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility.

The average temperature of the sea ranges from 35.8 °F (2.1 °C) in February to 53.1 °F (11.7 °C) in August.[38]

Climate data for Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (1981−2010 normals,[39] extremes 1953−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 50
(10)
49
(9)
53
(12)
69
(21)
77
(25)
85
(29)
90
(32)
82
(28)
73
(23)
64
(18)
54
(12)
51
(11)
90
(32)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 41.0
(5.0)
42.5
(5.8)
44.1
(6.7)
55.7
(13.2)
68.4
(20.2)
74.0
(23.3)
75.0
(23.9)
73.3
(22.9)
64.2
(17.9)
53.9
(12.2)
42.6
(5.9)
41.9
(5.5)
76.9
(24.9)
Average high °F (°C) 23.1
(−4.9)
26.6
(−3.0)
33.9
(1.1)
44.5
(6.9)
56.0
(13.3)
62.8
(17.1)
65.4
(18.6)
63.5
(17.5)
55.1
(12.8)
40.5
(4.7)
27.8
(−2.3)
24.8
(−4.0)
43.7
(6.5)
Average low °F (°C) 11.1
(−11.6)
13.8
(−10.1)
19.2
(−7.1)
29.1
(−1.6)
39.6
(4.2)
47.7
(8.7)
52.2
(11.2)
50.0
(10.0)
42.0
(5.6)
29.1
(−1.6)
16.6
(−8.6)
13.2
(−10.4)
30.4
(−0.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −10.4
(−23.6)
−6.7
(−21.5)
2.1
(−16.6)
15.9
(−8.9)
30.4
(−0.9)
39.3
(4.1)
45.6
(7.6)
41.5
(5.3)
29.8
(−1.2)
13.4
(−10.3)
−0.8
(−18.2)
−7.5
(−21.9)
−15.7
(−26.5)
Record low °F (°C) −34
(−37)
−28
(−33)
−24
(−31)
−4
(−20)
17
(−8)
33
(1)
36
(2)
31
(−1)
19
(−7)
−5
(−21)
−21
(−29)
−30
(−34)
−34
(−37)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.73
(19)
0.72
(18)
0.60
(15)
0.47
(12)
0.72
(18)
0.97
(25)
1.83
(46)
3.25
(83)
2.99
(76)
2.03
(52)
1.16
(29)
1.11
(28)
16.58
(421)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 11.3
(29)
10.9
(28)
9.9
(25)
4.0
(10)
0.3
(0.76)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.4
(1.0)
7.9
(20)
13.1
(33)
16.7
(42)
74.5
(189)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 8.2 7.1 5.9 5.0 7.3 8.5 12.0 14.6 14.8 11.9 9.4 10.5 115.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 8.6 6.9 6.1 2.9 0.4 0 0 0 0.2 4.0 8.1 10.8 48.0
Average relative humidity (%) 73.4 71.4 66.1 64.3 61.6 65.6 71.4 75.1 75.9 74.5 77.1 77.1 71.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 82.9 120.5 195.8 235.3 288.7 274.7 250.1 203.9 159.8 117.1 80.6 51.8 2,061.2
Percent possible sunshine 41 48 53 53 53 48 44 42 41 38 37 30 46
Average ultraviolet index 0 0 1 2 4 5 5 4 2 1 0 0 2
Source #1: NOAA[35][40][41]
Source #2: Weather Atlas [42] (sunshine data)
Climate data for Anchorage
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C) 36.9
(2.8)
35.8
(2.1)
36.1
(2.3)
37.5
(3.0)
42.4
(5.8)
47.7
(8.8)
52.4
(11.3)
53.1
(11.7)
51.6
(10.9)
47.5
(8.6)
43.0
(6.1)
39.6
(4.2)
43.6
(6.5)
Mean daily daylight hours 7.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 19.0 18.0 16.0 13.0 10.0 7.0 6.0 12.5
Source: Weather Atlas [42]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.
19201,856
19302,27722.7%
19403,49553.5%
195011,254222.0%
196044,397294.5%
197048,0818.3%
1980174,431262.8%
1990226,33829.8%
2000260,28315.0%
2010291,82612.1%
Est. 2018291,538[5]−0.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[44]
2018 Estimate[5]
[45]

Anchorage first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census.[46] It incorporated that same year. In 1975, it consolidated with its borough.

According to the 2010 census, Anchorage had a population of 291,826 and its racial and ethnic composition was as follows:[47][48][49]

Racial composition2010[50]1990[51]1970[51]1950[51]
White66.0%80.7%87.2%97.2%
Non-Hispanic62.6%78.7%n/an/a
Black or African American5.6%6.4%5.9%n/a
Native American or Alaska Native7.9%6.4%1.8%1.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)7.6%4.1%2.4%[52]n/a
Asian8.1%4.8%1.0%n/a
Map of racial distribution in Anchorage, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or Alaska Native and Other (yellow)
The "Anchorage Welcomes You" sign outside Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. The city is known for showcasing abundant flowers during the summer months.
View from the Tony Knowles Coastal Trail near the mouth of Chester Creek. From foreground to background: Westchester Lagoon, the southern reaches of the Bootleggers Cove neighborhood, and the downtown skyline.

According to the 2010 census, the largest national ancestry groups were as follows: 17.3% German, 10.8% Irish, 9.1% English, 6.9% Scandinavian (3.6% Norwegian, 2.2% Swedish, 0.6% Danish) and 5.6% French/French Canadian ancestry.[53][54]

According to the 2010 American Community Survey, approximately 82.3% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. Spanish was spoken by 3.8% of the population; speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.0% of the population; those who spoke Asian and Pacific Islander languages at home were 9.1%; and speakers of other languages made up 1.8%.[55]

In 2010, there were 291,826 people, 107,332 households and 70,544 families residing in the municipality. The population density was 171.2 per square mile (59.2/km2). There were 113,032 housing units at an average density of 59.1 per square mile (22.8/km2). There were 107,332 households out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.3% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.19. The age distribution was 26.0% under 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32.9 years. 50.8% of the population was male and 49.2% were female.[56]

The median income for a household in the municipality was $73,004, and the median income for a family was $85,829. The per capita income for the municipality was $34,678. About 5.1% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line.[57][58] Of the city's population over the age of 25, 33.7% held a bachelor's degree or higher, and 92.1% had a high school diploma or equivalent.[53]

Languages

In 2010, 83.7% (220,304) of Anchorage residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, while 4.47% (11,769) spoke Spanish, 2.53% (6,654) Tagalog, 1.56% (4,108) various Pacific Island languages, 1.38% (3,636) various Native American/Alaska Native languages, 1.14% (2,994) Korean, 0.63% (1,646) German, 0.57% (1,502) Hmong, 0.50% (1,307) Russian, and Japanese was spoken as a main language by 0.45% (1,185) of the population over the age of five. In total, 16.33% (43,010) of Anchorage's population aged five and older spoke a mother language other than English.[59]

As of September 7, 2006, 94 languages were spoken by students in the Anchorage School District.[60]

Economy

The Anchorage Visitor Information Center, downtown on 4th Avenue.

Anchorage's largest economic sectors include transportation, military, municipal, state and federal government, tourism, corporate headquarters (including regional headquarters for multinational corporations) and resource extraction. Large portions of the local economy depend on Anchorage's geographical location and surrounding natural resources. Anchorage's economy traditionally has seen steady growth, though not quite as rapid as many places in the lower 48 states. With the notable exception of a real estate-related crash in the mid-to-late 1980s, which saw the failure of numerous financial institutions, it does not experience as much pain during economic downturns.

The Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (TSAIA) is the world's fourth busiest airport for cargo traffic, surpassed only by Memphis, Hong Kong, and Shanghai Pudong. This traffic is strongly linked to Anchorage's location along great circle routes between Asia and the lower 48. In addition, the airport has an abundant supply of jet fuel from in-state refineries in North Pole and Kenai. This jet fuel is transported to the Port of Anchorage, then by rail or pipeline to the airport.

Aerial view of the Port of Anchorage on Cook Inlet in 1999.

The Port of Anchorage receives 95 percent of all goods destined for Alaska. Ships from Totem Ocean Trailer Express and Horizon Lines arrive twice weekly from the Port of Tacoma in Washington. Along with handling these activities, the port is a storage facility for jet fuel from Alaskan refineries, which is used at both TSAIA and Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER).

The existing port was substantially built in the late 1950s and is reaching the end of its useful life. Beginning in 2017, the Port of Anchorage is undertaking an extensive 7-year Anchorage Port Modernization Project[61] to upgrade its aging infrastructure, support larger deeper draft vessels, and future proof the port seismically and environmentally for another 75 years.

The United States military used to have two large installations, Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson, which originally stemmed from the branching off of the U.S. Air Force from the U.S. Army following World War II. In a cost-cutting effort initiated by the 2005 BRAC proceedings, the bases were combined. JBER was created, which also incorporated Kulis Air National Guard Base near TSAIA. The combination of these three bases employ approximately 8,500 civilian and military personnel. These individuals along with their families comprise approximately ten percent of the local population. During the Cold War, Elmendorf became an important base due to its proximity to the Soviet Union, particularly as a command center for numerous forward air stations established throughout the western reaches of Alaska (most of which have since closed).

View of downtown Anchorage from the Hotel Captain Cook. The gold building on the right, the Conoco-Phillips Building, is the tallest building in Alaska and exemplifies the importance of the petroleum industry.

While Juneau is the official state capital of Alaska, more state employees reside in the Anchorage area. Approximately 6,800 state employees work in Anchorage compared to about 3,800 in Juneau. The State of Alaska purchased the Bank of America Center (which it renamed the Robert B. Atwood Building) to house most of its offices, after several decades of leasing space in the McKay Building (now the McKinley Tower) and later the Frontier Building.

The resource sector, mainly petroleum, is arguably Anchorage's most visible industry, with many high rises bearing the logos of large multinationals such as BP and ConocoPhillips. While field operations are centered on the Alaska North Slope and south of Anchorage around Cook Inlet, the majority of offices and administration are found in Anchorage. The headquarters building of ConocoPhillips Alaska, a subsidiary of ConocoPhillips, is in downtown Anchorage.[62] It is also the tallest building in Alaska. Many companies who provide oilfield support services are likewise headquartered outside of Anchorage but maintain a substantial presence in the city, most notably Arctic Slope Regional Corporation and CH2M Hill.

Four small airlines, Alaska Central Express,[63] Era Aviation,[64] Hageland Aviation Services,[65] and PenAir, are headquartered in Anchorage.[66] Alaska Airlines (at one point headquartered in Anchorage, but now headquartered in the Seattle area), has major offices and facilities at TSAIA, including the offices of the Alaska Airlines Foundation.[67] Prior to their respective dissolutions, airlines MarkAir, Reeve Aleutian Airways and Wien Air Alaska were also headquartered in Anchorage.[68][69][70] The Reeve Building, at the corner of West Sixth Avenue and D Street, was spared the wrecking ball when the city block it sits on was cleared to make way for the Anchorage 5th Avenue Mall, and was incorporated into the mall's structure. In 2013, Forbes named Anchorage among its list of Best Places for Business and Careers.[71]

Five Alaska Native regional corporations are based in Anchorage: The Aleut Corporation, Bristol Bay Native Corporation, Calista Corporation, Chugach Alaska Corporation, and Cook Inlet Region, Inc.

Anchorage does not levy a sales tax. However, it charges a 12% bed tax on hotel stays and an 8% tax on car rentals.[72] Since about 2000, in response to strong revenue and occupancy rates, major hotel developers from the Lower 48 have been building new hotels along C Street from International Airport Road to just north of Tudor Road, with two more to open in 2017, making this half-mile stretch of C Street a new "hotel row".[73] From Anchorage people can easily head south to popular fishing locations on the Kenai Peninsula or north to locations such as Denali National Park and Fairbanks.

Arts

The Alaska Center for the Performing Arts, in downtown Anchorage
The front entrance of the Anchorage Museum at Rasmuson Center in downtown.

Located next to Town Square Park in downtown Anchorage, the Alaska Center for the Performing Arts is a three-part complex that hosts numerous performing arts events each year. The facility can accommodate more than 3,000 persons. In 2000, nearly 245,000 people visited 678 public performances. It is home to eight resident performing arts companies and has featured mega-musicals performed by visiting companies. The center also hosts the International Ice Carving Competition as part of the Fur Rendezvous festival in February.

The Anchorage Concert Association brings 20 to 30 events to the community each year, including Broadway shows like Disney's The Lion King, Les Misérables, Mamma Mia!, The Phantom of The Opera, West Side Story, and others. The Sitka Summer Music Festival presents an "Autumn Classics" festival of chamber music for two weeks each September on the campus of Alaska Pacific University. Orchestras include the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra and the Anchorage Youth Symphony.

Annually in January, the Anchorage Folk Festival takes place at the University of Alaska Anchorage, featuring concerts, dances, and workshops with featured guest artists and over 130 performances by volunteer singers, dancers, musicians, and storytellers.

  • Alaska Native Heritage Center[74]
  • Alaska Museum of Natural History[75]
  • Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum
  • Anchorage Museum at Rasmuson Center[76]
  • Oscar Anderson House Museum[77]
  • Wells Fargo Alaska Heritage Library & Museum[78]

The city of Anchorage provides three municipal facilities large enough to hold major events such as concerts, trade shows and conventions. Downtown facilities include the Alaska Center for the Performing Arts, William A. Egan Civic & Convention Center and the recently completed Dena'ina Civic and Convention Center, which will be connected via skybridge to form the Anchorage Civic & Convention District. The Sullivan Arena hosts sporting events as well concerts and annual trade shows.

Sports

The ceremonial start of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, arguably the state's most iconic event, in downtown Anchorage, Alaska.
Balto was the lead sled dog on the final leg of a life-saving journey that brought diphtheria medicine to Nome, Alaska, in 1925. This statue of Balto in downtown Anchorage marks the ceremonial start of each year's 1,161-mile Iditarod race.
Anchorage Golf Course

National attention focuses on Anchorage on the first Saturday of each March, when the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race kicks off with its ceremonial start downtown on Fourth Avenue. Anchorage is also home to the Fur Rendezvous Open World Championship Sled Dog Races, a three-day dog sled sprint event consisting of 3 timed races of 25.5 miles (41.0 km) each. Held each February, the event is part of the annual Fur Rendezvous, a winter sports carnival.

Anchorage is the home of three teams in the Alaska Baseball League. The Anchorage Bucs and Anchorage Glacier Pilots, which both play at Mulcahy Stadium, and the Chugiak-Eagle River Chinooks based at Lee Jordan Field in Chugiak.[79]

Anchorage has no professional sports teams. The most recent to call the city home was the Alaska Aces of the ECHL. The Aces were very successful during their time in Anchorage, claiming three league titles, four conference championships, and eight division championship during their 29-year history (1989–2017). The Aces affiliated with various National Hockey League teams during this time, including the Calgary Flames, Minnesota Wild, and Vancouver Canucks. Following the 2016–17 season, the team ceased operations and were sold to a group in Portland, Maine, where they became the Maine Mariners in the 2018–19 season.

The University of Alaska Anchorage Seawolves are a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. UAA has Division I teams in gymnastics and hockey, as well as several other Division II teams. UAA sponsors the annual Great Alaska Shootout, an annual NCAA Division I basketball tournament featuring colleges and universities from across the United States along with the UAA team.

Anchorage is the finish line for the Sadler's Ultra Challenge wheelchair race, and holds the ceremonial start of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.

There are four rugby clubs, including the Bird Creek Barbarians RFC, Anchorage Thunderbirds,[80] Mat Valley Maulers RFC, and Spenard Green Dragons.[81] The season runs from April through September.

The Anchorage Northern Knights gained national attention when they joined the eight-team Eastern Basketball Association in 1977, a league whose nearest competitor was 5,000 miles (8,000 km) from Anchorage. The Knights captured the 1979–80 league championship, and featured several players who would play in the NBA, most notably Brad Davis, a future player and broadcaster for the Dallas Mavericks. They competed in the renamed Continental Basketball Association for five seasons until the economic recession ended their run in 1982.

The city was the U.S. candidate for hosting the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics, but lost to Albertville, France and Lillehammer, Norway respectively. Anchorage is a premier cross-country skiing city, in terms of density of groomed trails within the urban core. There are 105 miles (169 km) of maintained ski trails in the city, some of which reach downtown. The same trail system also provides access to Chugach State Park, a 495,000-acre (200,000 ha) high alpine park.[82] The Tour of Anchorage is an annual 50-kilometer ski race within the city.[83] and is the Host for the 2009 and 2010 US Senior National Cross Country Ski Championship.[84]

Anchorage is also home to Alaska's first WFTDA flat track women's roller derby league, the Rage City Rollergirls.[85]

The Anchorage Football Stadium is also a noteworthy sports venue.

The 1989 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships was played in Anchorage.

Brandon Dubinsky (born 1986 in Anchorage) is National Hockey League centerman for Columbus Blue Jackets (#17)

Parks and recreation

Peak Three in the Chugach Mountains
Alaska Botanical Garden
View of the upper Eagle River valley in Chugach State Park

Parks, gardens, and wildlife refuges

  • Alaska Native Heritage Center[86]
  • The Alaska Botanical Garden has over 900 species of hardy perennials and 150 native plant species[87]
  • Alaska Zoo[88]
  • Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center[89]
  • Anchorage Coastal Wildlife Refuge
  • Delaney Park Strip
  • Kincaid Park
  • Point Woronzof Park
  • Flattop Mountain Recreation Area
  • Westchester Lagoon/Margaret Eagan Sullivan Park
  • Numerous other city parks throughout the borough

Recreational facilities

  • Arctic Valley Ski Area[90]
  • Alyeska Resort[91]
  • Hilltop Ski Area[92]
  • Kincaid Park[93]
  • Tony Knowles Coastal Trail

Points of interest

  • Moose's Tooth Pub & Pizzeria, a pub and pizzeria ranked 3rd best in the United States[94]
  • Anchorage Museum

Government and politics

Municipality of Anchorage election results from statewide races
Year Office Results
2008 President McCain 57–41%
Senator Begich 49–47%
House Young 49–48%
2010 Senator Murkowski 42–32%
House Young 65–34%
Governor Parnell 57–41%
2012 President Romney 53–43%
House Young 61 – 32%
2014 Senator Begich 48–47%
House Young 47–46%
Governor Walker 49–45%
2016 President Trump 47–42%
Senator Murkowski 45–25%
House Young 48–40%
2018 House Galvin 51–49%
Governor Begich 48–48%

Anchorage is governed by an elected mayor and 11-member assembly, with the assistance of a city manager. These positions are non-partisan (as is the case with all municipal elected offices in Alaska), and thus no candidates officially run under any party banner. All eleven members are elected from districts known as sections. Five of the sections elect two members from designated seats, while the remaining section elects one member. Prior to the 1980 United States Census, the single-member section was the one centered around the northern Anchorage communities of Chugiak and Eagle River. Since that census, the area encompassing Downtown Anchorage and surrounding neighborhoods has served as the city's single-member section. The mayor (along with members of the school board) is elected in a citywide vote. In practice, however, the party affiliation and political ideology of major candidates are usually well known, and is highlighted by local media for the purposes of framing debate. The city's mayor is Ethan Berkowitz, a registered Democrat. Along with 7 sister cities in the SCI program, Anchorage has a cultural exchange program with the former Yugoslavia nation of Montenegro.

The Anchorage Assembly gained national publicity[95] following their 2017 municipal election, when two openly gay candidates (Christopher Constant and Felix Rivera) were successfully elected into the eleven-member council – becoming the first openly gay candidates ever elected into Anchorage public office.[96]

Anchorage generally leans toward Republican candidates in both state and presidential elections. However, since the establishment of the municipality in 1975, there have been two Democratic mayors (Tony Knowles and Mark Begich) who have been elected to two consecutive terms and later to statewide office. Downtown, Girdwood, and much of both the west and east parts of town trend Democratic. However, areas closest to the military bases – including Eagle River – and south Anchorage are the most Republican areas of the Municipality. Midtown is relatively moderate by comparison.

Voting trends show that Downtown Anchorage votes Democratic in large margins, while Spenard, Turnagain/Inlet View, and University/Airport Heights are relatively moderate and swing in elections. The remaining Anchorage area votes Republican.[97] In 2018, Anchorage began conducting municipal elections by mail (as directed by the assembly in 2015) and had the highest voter turnout in the city's history.[98]

Anchorage-Eagle River sends 16 representatives (as of 2018 9 Republicans and 7 Democrats) to the 40-member Alaska House of Representatives and eight senators (5 Republicans and 3 Democrats) to the 20-member Senate. When seats from the neighboring Mat-Su Borough are added, more than half of the Alaska state legislature comes from the Anchorage metropolitan area. This is often used as an argument in favor of moving the state capital from Juneau to a location in the Anchorage area.

Public safety

Anchorage Fire Department engine based at its downtown station, responding to a call early in the morning.

With a reported strength of 383 sworn officers, the Anchorage Police Department is the largest police department in the state, serving an area of 159 square miles with a population of 300,950.[99] Until 2016, Alaska State Troopers provided policing for the southern regions of Anchorage along Turnagain Arm. After their withdrawal, Girdwood contracted with the neighboring city of Whittier for its policing,[100] and the following year APD provided contract policing to other Turnagain Arm communities.[101] The Fire & EMS Operations Division of the Anchorage Fire Department (AFD) includes thirteen fire stations with over 300 personnel covering three rotating 24-hour shifts. Additionally, there are volunteer fire departments in Girdwood and Chugiak and fire departments on Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson, as well as the Airport Police and Fire Department.[102]

Anchorage crime rate (2010), compared
Violent crimes[nb 2]
per 100,000 pop.
Property crimes[nb 3]
per 100,000 pop.
Anchorage[103] 837.7 3,518.0
Alaska[104] 638.8 2,852.5
U.S. cities,
pop. 100,000–249,999[105]
519.6 3,846.8
U.S. cities,
pop. 250,000–499,999[105]
757.7 4,216.6
U.S. total[104] 403.6 2,941.9
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Reports

In 2010, Anchorage reported 837.7 violent crimes per 100,000 population and 3,518.0 property crimes per 100,000 population (see table). Anchorage's crime rate, both for violent and property crimes, is higher than for Alaska as a whole or for the U.S. as a whole. When compared with U.S. cities of similar size, Anchorage has a slightly higher rate of violent crime and a slightly lower rate of property crime. Anchorage, and Alaska in general, have very high rates of sexual assault in comparison with the rest of the country, with Anchorage's annual rate of forcible rapes over three times as high as for the U.S. as a whole. In 2010, the rate of rape for Anchorage was 90.9 per 100,000 population,[103] while the U.S. rate was 27.5 per 100,000 population.[104] Alaska Natives are victimized at a much higher rate than their representation in the population.[106]

The Anchorage Community Survey, a public survey conducted in 2004–2005 by the Justice Center at University of Alaska Anchorage, found that overall, Anchorage residents are fairly satisfied with the performance of the Anchorage Police Department.[107] Most survey respondents perceived the justice system to be "somewhat effective" or "very effective" at apprehending and prosecuting criminal suspects, bringing about just outcomes, and reducing crime.[108]

Education

University of Alaska Anchorage entrance sign

Public education in Anchorage, Eagle River, Chugiak, Fort Richardson and Elmendorf Air Force Base is managed by the Anchorage School District, the 87th largest district in the United States, with nearly 50,000 students attending 98 schools.[109] There are also a number of choices in private education, including both religious and non-denominational schools.

Anchorage has four higher-education facilities that offer bachelor's or master's degrees: the University of Alaska Anchorage,[110] Alaska Pacific University, Charter College,[111] and the Anchorage campus of Texas-based Wayland Baptist University. The University of Alaska Fairbanks also has a small Center for Distance Education downtown. Other continuing education facilities in Anchorage include the Grainger Leadership Institute, Nine Star Enterprises, CLE International, Nana Worksafe, and PackBear DBA Barr & Co.

Ninety percent of Anchorage's adults have high-school diplomas, 65 percent have attended one to three years of college, and 17 percent hold advanced degrees.

Anchorage has the most ethnically diverse schools in the United States, including the three most diverse high schools, the three most diverse middle schools, and the 19 most diverse elementary schools. Even the least diverse schools in Anchorage rank in the top 1% nationally.[112]

The Chugach School District operates neighborhood schools in Valdez–Cordova Census Area, Alaska, as well as the supplementary Voyage to Excellence Residential School in Anchorage; its board office is in Anchorage.[113] The Aleutian Region School District, which operates schools in areas of the Aleutian Islands, has its district administrative offices in Anchorage.[114]

Media

KTUU news van parked at Town Square Park.

Anchorage's leading newspaper is the Anchorage Daily News,[115] a citywide daily newspaper. Other newspapers include the Alaska Star,[116] serving primarily Chugiak and Eagle River, the Anchorage Press,[117] a free weekly covering mainly cultural topics, and The Northern Light,[118] the student newspaper of the University of Alaska Anchorage. Anchorage's major network television affiliates are KTUU 2 (NBC), KTBY 4 (Fox), KYES 5 (MyNetworkTV), KAKM 7 (PBS), KTVA 11 (CBS), KYUR 13 (ABC/CW), and KDMD 33 (Ion/Telemundo). Anchorage is one hour behind the Pacific Time Zone, and receives the same network feed as the West Coast. Weekday primetime runs from 7 to 10 pm. Effectively, programs are viewed at the same local hour as those in the Central Time Zone. The city's only cable television provider is General Communication, Inc. (GCI). However, Dish Network and DirecTV offer satellite television service in Anchorage and the surrounding area; and uses East Coast feeds.

There are many radio stations in Anchorage; see List of radio stations in Alaska for more information.

Health and utilities

Anchorage Community Hospital as it appeared in August 1972. The building is called the Arne Beltz Building and houses the municipal health department.

Providence Alaska Medical Center on Providence Drive in Anchorage is the largest hospital in Alaska and is part of Providence Health & Services in Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California. It features the state's most comprehensive range of services. Providence Health System has a history of serving Alaska, beginning when the Sisters of Providence of Montreal first brought health care to Nome in 1902. As the territory grew during the following decades, so did efforts to provide care. Hospitals were opened in Fairbanks in 1910 and Anchorage in 1937.

Alaska Regional Hospital on DeBarr Road opened in 1958 as Anchorage Presbyterian Hospital, downtown at 825 L Street. This predecessor to Alaska Regional was a joint venture between local physicians and the Presbyterian Church. In 1976 the hospital moved to its present location on DeBarr Road, and is now a 254-bed licensed and accredited facility. Alaska Regional has expanded services and in 1994, Alaska Regional joined with HCA, one of the nation's largest healthcare providers.

Alaska Native Medical Center on Tudor Road provides medical care and therapeutic health care to Alaska natives – 229 tribes – at the Anchorage site and at 15 satellite facilities throughout the state. ANMC specialists also travel to clinics in the bush to provide care. The 150-bed hospital is also a teaching center for the University of Washington's regional medical education program. ANMC houses an office of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium and Southcentral Foundation jointly own and manage ANMC.

The Municipal Light & Power (ML&P) and Chugach Electric Association provide electricity to the city. A municipally owned utility since 1932, ML&P supplies electric power to more than 30,000 residential and commercial customers in the Anchorage area. Chugach Electric Association is a not-for-profit, member-owned cooperative that was formed in 1948.

Most homes have natural gas-fueled heat. ENSTAR Natural Gas Company is the sole provider for Anchorage, servicing some 90-percent of the city's population.

The Municipality of Anchorage owns and operates the Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility, serving some 55,000 customer accounts with water from Eklutna Lake, which is mainly meltwater from Eklutna Glacier. Anchorage Municipal Solid Waste Services and Anchorage Refuse conduct trash removal in the city depending on location.

Transportation

Major Highways

  • AK-1
  • AK-3

In everyday discourse, Alaskans do not use numerical route designations, preferring instead the named designations—in this case the Seward Highway and the Glenn Highway.

Highway to Highway

On and off since the 1960s, the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities, in coordination with the Federal Highway Administration and the Municipality of Anchorage (or the lineal predecessors of those entities), have been exploring the concept of a roadway connecting the endpoints of the Seward and Glenn highways. The project is called "Highway to Highway", and the most recent concept for this project is that of a "trenched" freeway through the heart of Anchorage.

Highway to Highway was included in the 2005 Long Range Transportation Plan, and would cost at least $575 million ($726 million in 2018 dollars).[16] – by far the largest urban infrastructure project in Alaska's history.

Public transit

Anchorage has a bus system called People Mover,[119] with a hub in downtown Anchorage and satellite hubs at Dimond Center and Muldoon Mall. The People Mover provides carpool organization services. The public paratransit service known as AnchorRides[120] provides point-to-point accessible transportation services to seniors and those who experience disabilities.

Rail

An Alaska Railroad locomotive (left) and the Alaska Railroad depot (right) in the Ship Creek valley immediately north of downtown Anchorage. The Port of Anchorage can be seen in the background.

The Alaska Railroad offers year-round freight service along the length of its rail system between Seward (the southern terminus of the system), Fairbanks (the northern terminus of the system), and Whittier (a deep water, ice-free port). Daily passenger service is available during summer (May 15 – September 15), but is reduced to one round-trip per week between Anchorage and Fairbanks during the winter.[121][122][123] Passenger terminals exist at Talkeetna, Denali National Park, Fairbanks, and several other locations. These communities are also served by bus line from Anchorage. The Ship Creek Shuttle connects downtown with the Ship Creek area, including stops at the Alaska Railroad depot.

Anchorage also is conducting a feasibility study on a commuter rail and light rail system.[124][125] For the commuter rail system, Anchorage would use existing Alaska Railroad tracks to provide service to Whittier, Palmer, Seward, Wasilla, and Eagle River.

Air transport

Aerial view of Lake Hood Seaplane Base (foreground) and Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (background).
UPS Boeing 747 departing from Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport – a major hub for the airline.

The Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, 6 miles (9.7 km) south of downtown Anchorage, is the airline hub for the state, served by many national and international airlines, including Seattle-based Alaska Airlines as well as many intrastate airlines and charter air services. The airport is the primary international air freight gateway in the nation. By weight, five percent of the value of all United States international air cargo moved through Anchorage in 2008.[126] Next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is Lake Hood Seaplane Base, the largest Seaplane Base in the world. Merrill Field, a general aviation airport on the edge of downtown, was the 87th-busiest airport in the nation in 2010.[127] There are also ten smaller private (mostly Department of Transportation) general aviation airports within the city limits.[128]

  • List of airports in the Municipality of Anchorage

Notable people

  • Marisa Abegg: retired soccer defender
  • Tui Alailefaleula: former NFL defensive tackle
  • Ely Allen: soccer player
  • Casey Bailey: AHL player for the Hershey Bears
  • Ronnie Baker: track and field runner
  • Ramona Barnes: politician
  • Tony Barnette: MLB pitcher for the Chicago Cubs
  • Isadore "Ike" Bayles: Jewish businessman
  • Marty Beckerman: writer
  • Irene Bedard: actress
  • Mark Begich: former U.S. Senator
  • Olga Bell: musician
  • Amado Benito Jr.: martial artist
  • Bruce Botelho: politician
  • Zack Bowman: NFL cornerback who is currently a free agent
  • Barbara Britch: two-time Olympic cross-country skier
  • Fred Brown: politician
  • LaMark Brown: AFL wide receiver for the Atlantic City Blackjacks
  • Alex Bryner: judge
  • Seaborn Buckalew Jr.: judge
  • Carmel Buckingham: lead singer of The House United
  • Kira Buckland: actress
  • Edith Bullock: politician
  • Robert Bundtzen: dog musher
  • Sue Burns: former principle owner of the San Francisco Giants
  • David Carle: ice hockey coach
  • Matt Carle: former NHL defenseman
  • Shawn Chacón: former MLB pitcher
  • Mario Chalmers: basketball player
  • Valentina Chepiga: bodybuilder
  • Quinn Christopherson: singer-songwriter
  • Callan Chythlook-Sifsof: snowboarder
  • Sharon Cissna: politician
  • Jordan Clarke: track and field shot putter
  • Don Clary: long-distance runner
  • Tyler Collins: actor
  • Stan Cornelius: country musician and lawyer
  • John Cowdery: politician
  • Joey Crabb: former NHL winger
  • Tristan Crawford: baseball pitcher
  • Chancy Croft: lawyer
  • David Cuddy: politician
  • Aaron Cunningham: former MLB outfielder
  • Erin Dagon-Mitchell, actress and screenwriter
  • Grayson Davey: sport shooter
  • Mahala Ashley Dickerson: civil rights activist
  • Traci Dinwiddie: actress
  • Pam Dreyer: ice hockey goaltender
  • Brandon Dubinsky: NHL player for the Columbus Blue Jackets
  • Kate Earl: singer-songwriter
  • William A. Egan: First Governor of Alaska (1970 - 1974)
  • Erik Ellington: skateboarder
  • Johnny Ellis: politician
  • Doug Evans: martial artist
  • Dana Fabe: first female associate justice of the Alaska Supreme Court
  • Jan Faiks: politician
  • Rosey Fletcher: snowboarder
  • Sue Forbes: cross-country skier
  • Walt Furnace: politician
  • Bryan Gates: assistant coach for the Minnesota Timberwolves
  • Robert Gillam: founder of McKinley Capital Management
  • Holly Glasser: model and fashion editor
  • Scott Gomez: NHL coach; former NHL player
  • James Gottstein: lawyer
  • Mike Gravel: politician
  • Perry Green: poker player
  • Charlo Greene: businesswoman and marijuana activist
  • Kelsey Griffin: basketball player
  • Clark Gruening: attorney
  • Gene Guess: politician
  • Gretchen Guess: politician
  • Andrew Halcro: politician
  • Rosie Hamlin: singer-songwriter
  • Daniel Hardy: former NFL Tight End
  • Ramon Harris: basketball player
  • D'Angelo Harrison: basketball player
  • Lorene Harrison: singer
  • Joe L. Hayes: politician
  • Barrett Heisten: former NHL forward
  • Wally Hickel: industrialist, twice governor, U.S. Secretary of the Interior
  • Augie Hiebert: television executive
  • Caleb Holley: CFL wide receiver
  • Lindsey Holmes: politician
  • Jessica Jaymes: pornographic actress
  • Ruth Jefford: pilot and violinist
  • Acacia Johnson (born 1990), polar photographer
  • Justin Johnson: ice hockey forward
  • Keith Johnson: Paralympic soccer player
  • Michelle Johnson: actress
  • Andy Jones: high diver
  • DeeDee Jonrowe: sled dog racer
  • Andy Josephson: politician
  • Kenny Kaos: former wrestler
  • Wendell P. Kay: lawyer
  • Tim Kelly: politician
  • Bruce B. Kendall: politician
  • Joan Arend Kickbush: artist
  • Tyler Kornfield: cross-country skier
  • Chris Kuper: former NFL offensive guard
  • Randy Kutcher: former MLB outfielder
  • Trajan Langdon: basketball player
  • Michael Lardie: musician who is a member of the band Great White.
  • Peter Lash: handball player
  • Osia Lewis: former AFL linebacker
  • Sammy Lilly: former NFL defensive back
  • Karen L. Loeffler: politician
  • Scott Loucks: former MLB outfielder
  • Margie Mahoney: cross-country skier
  • Rosie Mancari: snowboarder
  • Andre Marrou: third Libertarian to be elected to a U.S. state legislature
  • Gina Mazany: female MMA fighter under UFC promotion
  • Steve McAlpine: lawyer
  • Lane McCray: rapper
  • Carl McCunn: photographer
  • Lunious "Mac" McGee: founder of McGee Airways
  • Lesil McGuire: politician
  • Keegan Messing: figure skater
  • Jake Metcalfe: attorney
  • Dan Mintz: voice actor and comedian
  • Tommy Moe: alpine ski racer
  • James Morrison: actor
  • Lauren Murphy: mixed martial artist
  • Delvin Myles: former CFL player
  • Buell A. Nesbett: judge
  • Daishen Nix: basketball player
  • Diana Olson: rower
  • Jeff Overbaugh: football long snapper
  • Jeff Pain: skeleton racer
  • Sarah Palin: former Governor of Alaska and former Republican VP nominee
  • John Paragon: actor
  • Annie Parisse: actress
  • Sean Parnell: politician
  • Alan Paul: author and journalist
  • Drue Pearce: Deputy Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.
  • Jordan Pearce: former ice hockey goaltender
  • Josh Phelps: former MLB first basemen
  • Kathryn Poland: businesswoman
  • Harold Pruett: actor
  • Lance Pruitt: politician
  • Kikkan Randall: Olympic gold medalist (cross-country skiing)
  • Sean Rash: professional bowler and PBA
  • Fran Reed: artist
  • Robert Campbell Reeve: founder of Reeve Aleutian Airways
  • Shirley Reilly: wheelchair racer
  • Libby Roderick: singer-songwriter
  • Norm Rokeberg: politician
  • Mark Rosen: Volleyball head coach at the University of Michigan
  • Robert Rozier: former NFL defensive end and serial killer
  • James Ryan: co-founder of Litmus Logic
  • Jason Ryznar: former NHL winger
  • Ralph Samuels: politician
  • Larry Sanger: Co-Founder of Wikipedia
  • Curt Schilling: former MLB pitcher
  • Daniel Schlereth: baseball pitcher
  • Mark Schlereth: sportscaster; former NFL guard
  • James Schoppert: artist
  • Jessica Schultz: curler
  • Martin Sensmeier: actor
  • Susan Joy Share: artist
  • Marcus Shelby: bass player
  • Don Simpson: actor and screenwriter
  • Jamie Sinclair: curler
  • Steve Smith: former NFL wide receiver
  • Todd Snyder: former racing driver
  • Joe Spenard: businessman
  • Lynn Spencer-Galanes: cross-country skier
  • Bill Spencer: cross-country skier
  • Steve Staggs: former MLB second basemen
  • Ryan Stassel: snowboarder
  • Rachel Steer: biathlete
  • Margaret Stock: former Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army Reserve
  • Khleo Thomas: actor, rapper, entertainer
  • Lowell Thomas Jr.: 3rd Lieutenant Governor of Alaska
  • Nate Thompson: NHL center currently playing for the Montreal Canadiens
  • Kristen Thorsness: rower
  • Damian Vaughn: former NFL tight end
  • Liz Vazquez: politician
  • David Veikune: NFL defensive end
  • Sydne Vogel: figure skater
  • Brian Voss: professional bowler and PBA/USBC Hall of Famer
  • Bill Walker: 11th Governor of Alaska
  • Tim Wallace: former NHL center
  • Eric Walsky: NLA right winger currently playing for HC Lugano
  • Jerry Ward: politician
  • Nathan West: actor, musician, singer
  • Mr. Whitekeys: musician
  • Bill Wielechowski: politician
  • Lael Wilcox: ultra-endurance bicycle racer
  • David Williams: former MLB pitcher
  • Roger L. Worsley: educator; vice-chancellor University of Alaska Anchorage, 1978 to 1985
  • B.J. Young: former NHL right winger

Sister cities

See Box at Far Right for Anchorage's Sister Cities. More information at Municipality of Anchorage's Sister City Commission website.

See also

  • Anchorage Fire Department
  • Anchorage by singer Michelle Shocked.
  • List of aerospace museums
  • List of tallest buildings in Anchorage
  • National Register of Historic Places listings in Anchorage, Alaska

Notes

  1. In an average winter, the first snow happens in mid-October and begins to thaw in mid-March, but snow can sometimes be present until the end of April. The high temperature would usually drop below freezing at the beginning of November. The average first frost happens during the first half of September and the average last frost happens during the second half of May. In March 2002, a record snow storm, 26.7 inches, hit Anchorage."Temperature Records for Anchorage Alaska" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 20, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  2. Includes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
  3. Includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

References

  1. Cochran, Jessica. "Alaska Cultural Connections: Los Anchorage".
  2. Cole, Dermot (September 25, 2011). "'Los Anchorage' may seem a world apart, but it's not alien territory". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  3. "Anchorage Assembly". Municipality of Anchorage. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
  4. "2018 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
  5. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  6. "2010 Census Urban Area List". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
  7. https://www.trendrr.net/1946/top-10-largest-cities-in-usa-by-area/
  8. "Rhode Island Location, size, and extent". City-Data. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  9. "Alaska Geography". Archived from the original on October 18, 2014.
  10. Fulton, William; Daniels, Jessica; de la Peña, Benjamin (2008). "Case Studies in Smart Growth Implementation – Anchorage, Alaska" (PDF). Smart Growth Leadership Institute.
  11. State of Alaska. "Chugach State Park, Alaska State Parks". alaska.gov. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  12. "Anchorage Int'l Airport Serves as Pit Stop for Global Cargo Carriers – Airport Improvement Magazine". airportimprovement.com.
  13. "Latest Global News" (PDF). About FedEx. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  14. "National Civil League All-America winners by state". National Civic League. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
  15. "Top 10 Tax-Friendly Cities". Kiplinger. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  16. Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2019). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved April 6, 2019. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  17. A Gathering of Saints in Alaska: an informal chronicle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the state of Alaska. Alaska: Mormon Church. 1983. p. 306.
  18. "Community Database Online, Anchorage". Alaska Division of Community and Regional Affairs. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  19. Jones, Preston (2010). City for Empire: An Anchorage History, 1914–1941. University of Alaska Press. pp. 169–70. ISBN 1602230854.
  20. "Tsunami Events Full Search, sort by Date, Country". ngdc.noaa.gov. National Geophysical Data Center.
  21. "The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964". Geophysical Institute, UAF. Alaska Earthquake Information Center. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  22. "Historic Earthquakes, Prince William Sound, Alaska". USGS. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  23. "Alaska History and Cultural Studies – Governing Alaska – The Capital of Alaska". akhistorycourse.org. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  24. Kaniut, Larry (November 29, 1999). Danger Stalks the Land: Alaskan Tales of Death and Survival. St. Martins Press. pp. 2–6, 287–291. ISBN 978-1-4668-2489-8.
  25. "Moose Stomps Man to Death on College Campus". Associated Press.
  26. "Alaska Highway Drives from Anchorage". Alaska.org. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  27. "Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Living with Wildlife in Anchorage: a Cooperative Planning Effort". State of Alaska. April 2000. Archived from the original on January 5, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
  28. "North Side wolf pack attacks, kills dogs". Anchorage Daily News. December 11, 2007. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
  29. https://www.muni.org/FastFacts/Pages/Climate.aspx
  30. "Fireweed: Countdown to Winter". Human Flower Project. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  31. [National Weather Service http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=pafc]
  32. "Record-breaking Snowfall in Anchorage". ktuu.com. April 7, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  33. "Snowfall Records for Anchorage Alaska" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 20, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  34. Alaska Bakes with Alltime Heat Records
    Weather Underground. June 21, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2016
  35. "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
  36. "For November, December, and January, average monthly percent possible sunshine (the hours of direct sunlight experienced, divided by the possible hours of sunlight for the location) is below 35%". Climate.umn.edu. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012."For an explanation of the concept "percent possible sunlight". Data Through 2005 Average Percent Possible Sunshine at National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2006.
  37. "Mt. Spurr's 1992 Eruptions". Alaska Volcano Observatory. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  38. "Anchorage Water Temperature – United States – Sea Temperatures". World Sea Temperatures.
  39. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  40. "Station Name: AK ANCHORAGE INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
  41. "WMO climate normals for Anchorage/INTL, AK 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  42. "Anchorage, Alaska, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  43. "NOAA Weather Data, 1981–2010".
  44. "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  45. Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 1. ISBN 978-0810830332
  46. https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/41084484v1ch5.pdf
  47. "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  48. "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  49. "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  50. "Anchorage Municipality, Alaska". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau.
  51. "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  52. From 15% sample
  53. "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  54. "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  55. "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  56. "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  57. "Anchorage (municipality) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Quickfacts.census.gov. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  58. "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  59. "Anchorage Municipality County, Alaska". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  60. "About the Anchorage School District – Languages our students speak". ASD Online – Anchorage School District. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  61. "Anchorage Port Modernization Project". portofanc.com. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  62. "North Slope National Petroleum Reserva Alaska 2008/2009 Exploration Drilling Program Archived September 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." ConocoPhillips Alaska. November 2008. Page 1 (1/8). Retrieved February 14, 2010.
  63. "Contact Us." Alaska Central Express. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
  64. "Contact Us." Era Aviation. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
  65. "Contact Us Archived November 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Hageland Aviation Services. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  66. "Contact Us Archived December 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine." PenAir. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
  67. "The Alaska Airlines Foundation." Alaska Airlines. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  68. "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 22–28, 1995. 761.
  69. "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 30, 1985. 111." Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  70. "About Us". Archived from the original on August 27, 1999. Retrieved April 13, 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Reeve Aleutian Airways. August 27, 1998. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  71. "Best Places For Business and Careers – Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  72. "Alaska Taxable 2008" (PDF). Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
  73. "'Hotel Row' springs up in Midtown Anchorage, updated 9-28-2016". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  74. "Alaska Native Heritage Center". Alaskanative.net. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  75. "Alaska Museum of Natural History". Alaskamuseum.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  76. "The Anchorage Museum at Rasmuson Center". Anchoragemuseum.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  77. "anchoragehistoric.org". anchoragehistoric.org. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  78. Alaskan Heritage Museum Archived August 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Wells Fargo. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  79. "Chugiak-Eagle River Chinooks – Alaska Baseball League". cerchinooks.com.
  80. "Home". Thunderbirds.20m.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  81. Archived February 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  82. "Parks and Recreation". Muni.org. Archived from the original on June 20, 2003. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
  83. "Tour of Anchorage". Tour of Anchorage. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  84. "2009 and 2010 US Cross Country Ski Championships in Anchorage Alaska". Anchoragenordicski.com. September 28, 2009. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
  85. "Anchorage, Alaska's Premier Roller Derby League!". Rage City Rollergirls. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
  86. "Alaska Native Heritage Centre – Home website". Alaskanative.net. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  87. "Alaska Botanical Garden". Alaskabg.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  88. "Alaska Zoo Home Page". Alaskazoo.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  89. "Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center". Alaskawildlife.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  90. "Ski Hotline 907-428-1208 | Arctic Valley Ski Hotline 907-428-1208". skiarctic.com.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  91. "Alaska Ski Vacation Resorts – Alyeska gets top ratings!". Alyeskaresort.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  92. "Hilltop Ski Area – Home Page". Hilltopskiarea.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  93. "ParkDistrictSW". Muni.org. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  94. Samantha Davenport (August 10, 2015). "Local Anchorage pizzeria ranks No. 3 in America". The Northern Light. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  95. KTVA, "Anchorage voters elect first openly gay assembly members". Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  96. HuffPost, "Two Openly Gay Candidates Notch Historic Wins in Alaska Election". Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  97. "2008 Presidential Election Results by House District in Alaska". USA Election Atlas. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  98. Kelly, Devin. "Anchorage's vote-by-mail election was supposed to boost turnout. It shattered a record". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  99. "Table 78 (Alaska). Full-Time Law Enforcement Employees by State by City, 2008.". Retrieved December 11, 2009. Archived September 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  100. "Municipality, Whittier agree to interim Girdwood police contract". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  101. "Turnagain Arm Police Service Area Begins". Glacier City Gazette. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  102. Anchorage Fire Department Archived March 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine official website. Retrieved April 2, 2007.
  103. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2010). "Table 8 (Alaska). Offenses Known to Law Enforcement." Uniform Crime Reports. FBI. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  104. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2010). "Table 4. Crime in the United States, by Region, Geographic Division, and State, 2009–2010." Crime in the United States 2010.. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  105. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2010). "Table 16. Rate: Number of Crimes per 100,000 Inhabitants by Population Group, 2005.". Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  106. Rosay, André. (Winter 2004). "Forcible Rapes and Sexual Assaults in Anchorage." Archived June 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Alaska Justice Forum 20(4): 1, 9–11. Retrieved April 2, 2007.
  107. Myrstol, Brad A. (Summer 2005). "Making the Grade? Public Evaluation of Police Performance in Anchorage." Archived April 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Alaska Justice Forum 22(2): 5–10. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  108. Justice Center, University of Alaska Anchorage. (Fall 2005). "Anchorage Attitudes Toward Justice System." Archived June 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Alaska Justice Forum 22(3): 8.
  109. GreatSchools. "Anchorage School District". Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  110. "University of Alaska Anchorage". Uaa.alaska.edu. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  111. "Charter College Virtual Library". Chartercollege.org. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  112. Tunseth, Matt. "Anchorage public schools lead nation in diversity". Alaska Dispatch News. Alaska Dispatch Publishing. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
  113. "Personnel Directory 2016–2017." Chugach School District. Retrieved February 22, 2017. "DISTRICT OFFICE 9312 Vanguard Drive, Anchorage, AK 99507-‐5355"
  114. "District Contacts." Aleutian Region School District. Retrieved February 13, 2017. "Physical Address 118 E International Airport Road, Suite B Anchorage, AK 99518"
  115. "Anchorage Daily News mainpage". Anchorage Daily News. adn.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  116. "Alaska Star". Alaska Star. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  117. "Anchorage Press". Anchorage Press. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  118. "The Northern Light". The Northern Light. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  119. "Muni.org". Muni.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  120. "AnchorRIDES". muni.org. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  121. "The Alaska Railroad – Route Map". Akrr.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  122. "The Alaska Railroad – Freight Services". Akrr.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  123. "The Alaska Railroad – Fares/Schedules". Akrr.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  124. "Clean Alaska Transportation Project". Ses.uaa.alaska.edu. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  125. Anchorage Daily News Report, June 14, 2008 Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  126. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Alaska—Air Freight Gateway Archived September 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  127. Merrill Field Airport Organization Chart, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  128. "Airports in Anchorage Alaska". Airnav.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  129. "Anchorage Sister Cities". Municipality of Anchorage. Retrieved September 7, 2016.

Further reading

  • Preston Jones. City For Empire: An Anchorage History, 1914–1941 (University of Alaska Press, 2010) 214 pages
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.