Zakia Hakki

Zakia Ismael Hakki (born 18 November 1939) is a Feyli Kurdish lawyer who was appointed Iraq's first female judge in 1959. She fled Iraq in 1996 after her husband was killed and was granted asylum in the United States. She returned to Iraq in 2003 and was elected to the National Assembly of Iraq and was an advisor in the drafting of the constitution.

Zakia Ismael Hakki
Born18 November 1939
Baghdad
NationalityKurdish, Iraqi
OccupationJudge, politician
Known forFirst female judge in Iraq, advising the drafting of Iraq's constitution

Early life and education

Zakia Hakki was born on 18 November 1939 in Baghdad. She graduated from law school in 1957, one of five women in a class of 350.[1] She has a Bachelor of Science in business administration from the International Labor Union in Switzerland and a Doctor of Law degree from the University of Baghdad.[2]

Career

Hakki worked in Baghdad as both a lawyer and judge. In the 1950s, she smuggled documents into the US embassy about the treatment of Kurds in Iraq.[1] She founded the Kurdish Women's Federation and served as its president from 1958 to 1975.[2][3]

In 1959, Hakki was the first woman appointed as a judge in Iraq, making her the first female judge in the Middle East.[4][5][6] In 1970, she became the only woman in the leadership of the Kurdistan Democratic Party.[6]

She was a senior official in the ministries of industry and agriculture in the pre-Saddam Hussein period.[7] As Hussein gained power, she joined the Kurdish cause, fighting as a guerrilla until she was arrested and tortured in 1975.[7] The regime placed her under house arrest and she fled with other KDP leaders to Iran, supported by the Shah.[1] She returned to Baghdad but kept a lower political profile, working in family and civil law.[1] She survived numerous assassination attempts[5] and her husband and brother were killed by Hussein's people for speaking out against the regime's policies.[8]

Hakki fled Iraq in 1996, bribing her way out of the country with a valuable carpet.[1] She received political asylum in the United States.[9] She was a member of the Independents Liberal Politician Iraqi Women Group, speaking out about conditions for women in Hussein's Iraq.[10]

Hakki worked as an attorney in Northern Virginia and was the vice president of the Iraqi-American Council.[2] She supported her son in his fight for asylum in the US after he was accused of being a double agent.[11]

Hakki returned to Iraq in 2003, seeking to put her legal expertise to work in rebuilding the country.[1] She was elected a member of the interim parliament.[12][13] She was hired by the Coalition Provisional Authority's interim Ministry of Justice to make recommendations about legal reforms to the Constitution Review Committee.[14] However, neither she nor any other woman was able to participate in the drafting process for the new constitution, debate the constitution publicly or review it before the final draft became public.[5]

In 2004, Hakki was an outspoken opponent against the US-backed Iraqi Governing Council's decision to cancel family laws and place jurisdiction under sharia, saying, "This new law will send Iraqi families back to the Middle Ages."[15][16] When Shiite Islamic parties pushed for sharia to be enshrined in the interim constitution, Hakki used her Department of Defense clearance to bring activists into the Green Zone and staged sit-ins in US proconsul Paul Bremer's office until he agreed to veto sharia.[17] She was an adviser to Iraq's Ministry of Justice in 2004 and 2005.[18] In 2005 she said, "I am thankful America liberated us from Saddam Hussein, but I resent how it has been dealing with Iraqis since then."[8]

Personal life

Hakki is a Shia Muslim.[4] Her husband was killed under Saddam Hussein. Two of her sons were evacuated to Guam and held in INS detention: Ali, a doctor with his wife and two children, and his brother who had deserted Hussein's army after witnessing the destruction of a Kurdish village.[9]

References
  1. Prusher, Ilene R. (16 July 2003). "Five women confront a new Iraq". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  2. "A Quest for Political, Economic and Social Participation in a Democratic Iraq". Independent Women's Forum. 16 August 2004. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  3. Zangana, Haifa (2011). City of Widows: An Iraqi Woman's Account of War and Resistance. Seven Stories Press.
  4. Penketh, Anna (24 August 2005). "Judge hails 'guarantee' of women MPs". Independent. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  5. Fontan, Victoria (2008). Voices from Post-Saddam Iraq: Living with Terrorism, Insurgency, and New Forms of Tyranny: Living with Terrorism, Insurgency, and New Forms of Tyranny. ABC-CLIO. pp. 144–145.
  6. Rubin, Barry (2015). The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Routledge. p. 621.
  7. Canzian, Fernando (6 April 2003). ""Mundo ignora crueldades de Saddam", diz exilada". Folha De S Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  8. Dagher, Sam. "Black-turbaned sheikhs, women activists, former dissidents, royalty and even a partisan of radical cleric Moqtada al-Sadr rubbed shoulders in what has been billed as Iraq's first step toward democracy". Daily Star.
  9. Dow, Mark (2005). American Gulag: Inside U.S. Immigration Prisons. University of California Press. pp. 36–38.
  10. Hakki, Zakia (22 October 2002). "Press Conference". Faylee Kurds Democratic Union. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  11. "Iraqi Doctor, Once on C.I.A.'s Payroll, Fights to Stay in U.S." the New York Times. 11 April 2000. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  12. Azimi and Cartier (21 October 2005). "Constitutions Give Slow Birth to Female Blocs". Womens E News. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  13. Mackenzie, Meredith (24 January 2006). "Iraqi women seek leadership positions". UPI. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  14. Sandler, Lauren (11 December 2003). "Women Under Siege". The Nation. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  15. Constable, Pamela (16 January 2004). "Iraqi Women Decry Move To Cut Rights". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  16. Peratis, Kathleen (27 February 2004). "Back to the Middle Ages?". Forward. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  17. Enders, David (1 June 2006). "Squelching freedom in Iraqui Kurdistan". The Progressive. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  18. Moghadam, Valentine M. (2007). From Patriarchy to Empowerment: Women's Participation, Movements, and Rights in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia. Syracuse University Press. pp. 335–336.
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