Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat

Yvonne was born in Lille in 1923.[2] Her mother was the philosophy professor Berthe Hubert, her father was the physicist Georges Bruhat (1887–1945), who died in the concentration camp Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen, and her brother was the mathematician François Bruhat. Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat undertook her secondary school education in Paris. In 1941 she entered the Concours General, a competition to determine the best pupils in all of France, and won the silver medal for physics. From 1943 to 1946 she studied at the École Normale Supérieure ("ENS") in Paris and from 1946 was a teaching assistant there and undertook research advised by André Lichnerowicz. From 1949 to 1951 she was a research assistant at the French National Centre for Scientific Research ("CNRS"), as a result of which she received her doctorate.[3]

Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat has worked in a range of areas in mathematical physics, applying results from the analysis of partial differential equations and differential geometry to provide a firm basis for solutions in physics. From 1951-1952 she worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, under the supervision of Albert Einstein, where she proved the local existence and uniqueness of solutions to the vacuum Einstein Equations.[4] Her work proves the well-posedness of the Einstein equation, and started the study of dynamics in General Relativity.

Choquet-Bruhat at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1974.

The following year Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat joined the faculty at Marseilles and in 1958 she was awarded the CNRS Silver Medal.[5] From 1958 to 1959 she taught at the University of Reims. In 1960 she became a professor at the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (UPMC) in Paris, and has remained professor or professor emeritus until her retirement in 1992.

At the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie she continued to make significant contributions to mathematical physics, notably in general relativity, supergravity, and the non-Abelian gauge theories of the standard model. Her work in 1981 with Demetrios Christodoulou showed the existence of global solutions of the Yang-Mills, Higgs, and Spinor Field Equations in 3+1 Dimensions.[6] Additionally in 1984 she made perhaps the first study by a mathematician of supergravity with results that can be extended to the currently important model in D=11 dimensions.[7]

In 1978 Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat was elected a correspondent to the Academy of Sciences and on 14 May 1979 became the first woman to be elected a full member. From 1980 to 1983 she was President of the Comité international de relativité générale et gravitation ("International committee on general relativity and gravitation"). In 1985 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1986 she was chosen to deliver the prestigious Noether Lecture by the Association for Women in Mathematics.

Choquet-Bruhat's main theorem is one of the milestones of mathematical general relativity. Her theorem indeed establishes that General relativity has a well-posed initial value formulation.

The theorem says the following: given initial data for the Einstein equation, which is a triple ${\displaystyle (M,g,K)}$ where ${\displaystyle M}$ is a 3-manifold, ${\displaystyle g}$ a Riemannian metric and ${\displaystyle K}$ a symmetric 2-tensor, which satisfies the constraint equations, there exists a maximal globally hyperbolic spacetime which verifies the Einstein equation with the given initial data.

The proof makes use of a clever choice of coordinates, the wave coordinates (which are the Lorentzian equivalent to the harmonic coordinates), in which the Einstein equation becomes a hyperbolic partial differential equation, for which well-posedness results can be applied.

Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat has two daughters and a son, Daniel Choquet. She is a widow; her second husband was Gustave Choquet. She was previously married to Léonce Foures, a professor of mathematics at the Marseille faculty, who had studied with Henri Cartan.[5]

• Theoreme d'Existence pour Certains Systemes d'Equations aux Derivees Partielles non Lineaires, Acta Mathematica, 88: 141 (1952) doi:10.1007/bf02392131 Bibcode: 1952AcM....88..141F Zbl 0049.19201 MR53338
• Theoremes d'Existence en Mecanique des Fluides Relativistes, Bulletin de la Soc. Math. de France, 86: 155 (1958) doi:10.24033/bsmf.1502 Zbl 0092.20804 MR105294
• Problems and solutions in mathematical physics. Holden Day, San Francisco (1967).
• Géométrie différentielle et systèmes extérieurs. Dunod, Paris 1968.
• Ondes Asymptotiques et Approchees pour des Systemes d'Equations aux Derivees Partielles non Lineaires, J. Maths. Pures et App. 48: 117 (1969)
• Distributions : théorie et problèmes. Masson, Paris 1973. BNF 353981119
• Global Solutions of the Problem of Constraints on a Closed Manifold, Symposia Matematica, (in the series Pubblicazione dell'Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica) 12: 317 (1973)
• with Cécile DeWitt-Morette and Margaret Dillard-Bleick: Analysis, manifolds and physics. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1977, revised 1982, ISBN 0-444-50473-7
• with D. Christodoulou, Existence of Global Solutions of the Yang-Mills, Higgs, and Spinor Field Equations in 3+1 Dimensions, Ann. E.N.S. 4th Series 14: 481 (1981)
• Causalite des Theories de Supergravite, Societe Mathematique de France, Asterisque 79-93 (1984)
• Graded bundles and supermanifolds. Bibliopolis, Naples 1989.
• General Relativity and the Einstein Equations, Oxford University Press 2009 ISBN 978-0199230723
• Introduction to General Relativity, Black Holes, and Cosmology, Oxford University Press 2015 ISBN 9780199666454 BNF 44283477f
• Une Mathématicienne dans cet étrange univers, Odile Jacob 2016 ISBN 2738134556, translated as A Lady Mathematician In This Strange Universe: Memoirs, World Scientific 2018

• Médaille d'Argent du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1958
• Prix Henri de Parville of the Académie des Sciences, 1963
• Member (since 1965), Comite International de Relativite Generale et Gravitation (President 1980-1983) [8]
• Member, Académie des Sciences, Paris (elected 1979)
• Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1985
• Association for Women in Mathematics Noether Lecturer, 1986
• Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur, 1997
• Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, 2003
• She was elevated to the 'Grand Officier' and 'Grand Croix' dignities in the Légion d'Honneur in 2008. [9]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat.

• Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics'
• "Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College
• Videos of Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat in the AV-Portal of the German National Library of Science and Technology
• Christina Sormani, C. Denson Hill, Paweł Nurowski, Lydia Bieri, David Garfinkle, and Nicolás Yunes (August 2017). "A two-part feature: The Mathematics of Gravitational waves". Notices of the American Mathematical Society. American Mathematical Society. 64 (7): 684–707. doi:10.1090/noti1551. ISSN 1088-9477.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)