Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI, acronym pronounced /ˈhuːi/ HOO-ee) is a private, nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of marine science and engineering. WHOI is dedicated to advancing knowledge of the ocean and its connection with the Earth system through a sustained commitment to excellence in science, engineering, and education, and to the application of this knowledge to problems facing society.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution logo
Established1930 (1930)
Research typeMarine sciences and marine engineering
PresidentMark R. Abbott
Staff1,400 (approximate)
LocationWoods Hole, Massachusetts
WebsiteWHOI.edu

Established in 1930 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, it is the largest independent oceanographic research institution in the U.S., with staff and students numbering about 1,400.

Constitution

The Institution is organized into six departments,[1] the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research, and a marine policy center. Its shore-based facilities are located in the village of Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States and a mile and a half away on the Quissett Campus. The bulk of the Institution's funding comes from grants and contracts from the National Science Foundation and other government agencies, augmented by foundations and private donations.

WHOI scientists, engineers, and students collaborate to develop theories, test ideas, build seagoing instruments, and collect data in diverse marine environments. Ships operated by WHOI carry research scientists throughout the world’s oceans. The WHOI fleet includes two large research vessels (Atlantis and Neil Armstrong), the coastal craft Tioga, small research craft such as the dive-operation work boat Echo, the deep-diving human-occupied submersible Alvin, the tethered, remotely operated vehicle Jason/Medea, and autonomous underwater vehicles such as the REMUS and SeaBED.

WHOI offers graduate and post-doctoral studies in marine science. There are several fellowship and training programs, and graduate degrees are awarded through a joint program with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[2][3] WHOI is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.[4] WHOI also offers public outreach programs and informal education through its Exhibit Center and summer tours. The Institution has a volunteer program and a membership program, WHOI Associate.

On October 1, 2015, Mark R. Abbott became the institution's tenth president and director.[5]

History
R/V Atlantis, the first research vessel operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

In 1927, a National Academy of Sciences committee concluded that it was time to "consider the share of the United States of America in a worldwide program of oceanographic research." The committee's recommendation for establishing a permanent independent research laboratory on the East Coast to "prosecute oceanography in all its branches" led to the founding in 1930 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.[6]

A $2.5 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation supported the summer work of a dozen scientists, construction of a laboratory building and commissioning of a research vessel, the 142-foot (43 m) ketch Atlantis, whose profile still forms the Institution's logo.[6]

WHOI grew substantially to support significant defense-related research during World War II, and later began a steady growth in staff, research fleet, and scientific stature.

In 1977 the institute appointed the influential oceanographer John Steele as director, and he served until his retirement in 1989.[7]

On 1 September 1985, a joint French-American expedition led by Jean-Louis Michel of IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution identified the location of the wreck of the RMS Titanic which sank off the coast of Newfoundland 15 April 1912.

On 3 April 2011, within a week of resuming of the search operation for Air France Flight 447, a team led by WHOI, operating full ocean depth autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) owned by the Waitt Institute discovered, by means of sidescan sonar, a large portion of debris field from flight AF447.[8]

In March 2017 the institution effected an open-access policy to make its research publicly accessible online.[9]

The Institution has maintained a long and controversial business collaboration with the treasure hunter company Odyssey Marine.[10] Likewise, WHOI has participated in the location of the San José galleon in Colombia for the commercial exploitation of the shipwreck by the Government of President Santos and a private company.

In 2019, iDefense reported that China's hackers had launched cyberattacks on dozens of academic institutions in an attempt to gain information on technology being developed for the United States Navy.[11] Some of the targets included the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.[11] The attacks have been underway since at least April 2017.[11]

In popular culture, The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is specifically mentioned by name in the 2nd paragraph of chapter 13 of Peter Benchley’s famous 1973 novel “Jaws”.

In the book, Quint objects to having a shark cage aboard his F/V Orca. The cage was ordered by Matt Hooper to be brought to the dock where the F/V Orca is. The shark cage was brought by a man in a pickup truck with the words “Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute” on the side.[12][13]

Awards issued

B. H. Ketchum Award

The B. H. Ketchum award, established in 1983, is presented for innovative coastal/nearshore research and is named in honor of oceanographer Bostwick H. "Buck" Ketchum. The award is administered by the WHOI Coastal Ocean Institute and Rinehart Coastal Research Center.

Recipients:[14]

Henry Bryant Bigelow Medal in Oceanography

The Henry Bryant Bigelow Medal in Oceanography was established in 1960 in honor of the first WHOI Director, biologist Henry Bryant Bigelow.

Recipients: Source:[15]

  • 2004 David M. Karl (Professor of Oceanography, University of Hawaii) – for "his contributions to microbial oceanography, especially the development and leadership of long-term, integrated studies of chemical, physical, and biological variations in oceanic environments."
  • 1996 Bill J. Jenkins (Senior Scientist, Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, WHOI) – for "his outstanding contributions to the development of the tritium-helium dating technique and its application to problems in ocean physics and biology and geochemistry, as well as his exceptional character and selfless dedication to the advance of science at WHOI."
  • 1993 Robert Weller (Senior Scientist, Physical Oceanography;Director, CICOR; WHOI)
  • 1992 Alice Louise Alldredge (University of California, Santa Barbara) and Mary Wilcox Silver (University of California, Santa Cruz) – for “their creative contributions to biological and chemical oceanography, particularly in demonstrating the importance of ‘marine snow’ as a major contributor to the vertical flux of particulate matter throughout the worlds oceans.”
  • 1988 Hans Thomas Rossby (University of Rhode Island) and Douglas Chester Webb (Webb Research) – for “Their creative contributions to ocean technology and oceanography, particularly in the development of the SOFAR float and advancing out knowledge of Lagrangian ocean dynamics.”
  • 1984 Arnold L. Gordon (Columbia University) for his “dedication in completing the Antarctic Circumpolar Survey”
  • 1980 Holger W. Jannasch (WHOI) – for his “creative contributions to marine microbiology by providing us with an understanding of the fundamentals of microbial processes in the sea and the dynamics of oceanic food chains.”
  • 1979 Wolfgang Helmut Berger (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego) – for his “creative contributions to paleoceanography by opening the doors of perception on the controlling factors governing carbonate sedimentation in the oceans, and for providing us with a unifying conceptual model for interpreting the geological evolution of ocean basins.”
  • 1974 Henry M. Stommel (WHOI)
  • 1970 Frederick J. Vine (WHOI) – In recognition of his “imaginative and sound contributions to man’s understanding of the formative processes active within the earth.”
  • 1966 Columbus O'D Iselin (WHOI)
  • 1964 Bruce C. Heezen (WHOI)
  • 1962 John C. Swallow (WHOI)
  • 1960 Henry Bryant Bigelow

Scientists

Over the years, WHOI scientists have made seminal discoveries about the ocean that have contributed to improving US commerce, health, national security, and quality of life. They have received awards and recognition from scientific societies such as The Oceanography Society, the American Geophysical Union, Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, and several others.[16]

Notable current scientists include:

Research fleet

Ships
R/V Atlantis (AGOR-25)
RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27)

WHOI operates several research vessels, owned by the United States Navy, the National Science Foundation, or the Institution:

  • R/V Atlantis (AGOR-25) – 274 feet long, mothership of the Alvin submarine
  • R/V Tioga (WHOI-owned) – 60 feet long
  • R/V Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27) – 238 feet long

WHOI formerly operated R/V Knorr, which was replaced by R/V Neil Armstrong in 2015.[20]

Small boat fleet

WHOI operates many small boats used in inland harbors, ponds, rivers, and coastal bays. All are owned by the Institution itself.

  • Motorboat Echo – 29 feet long (mainly used as a work boat to support dive operations, also the newest small research craft at WHOI)
  • Motorboat Mytilus – 24 feet long (mainly used in water too shallow for larger craft and is a versatile coastal research boat)
  • Motorboat Calanus – 21 feet long (mainly used in local water bodies such as Great Harbor, Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay)
  • Motorboat Limulus – 13 feet long (mainly used to shuttle equipment to larger craft and as a work platform for near-shore research tasks)
  • Rowboat Orzrus – 12 feet long (mainly used in harbors and ponds where motor craft are not permitted)

Underwater vehicles
Alvin (DSV-2) in 1978

WHOI also has developed numerous underwater autonomous and remotely operated vehicles for research:

  • Alvin (DSV-2) – human-occupied vehicle, the Institution's most well-known equipment
  • Deepsea Challenger – human-occupied vehicle designed, field-tested, and later donated to the WHOI by Canadian film director James Cameron[21]
  • Jason – a remotely operated vehicle (ROV)
  • Sentry – an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and successor to ABE
  • Nereus – A hybrid remotely operated vehicle (HROV); lost on 5/10/14 while exploring the Kermadec Trench.[22]
  • Remus – Remote Environment Monitoring UnitS, a family of autonomous underwater vehicles
  • SeaBED – an autonomous underwater vehicle optimized for high-resolution seafloor imaging
  • Spray Glider – a remotely operated vehicle, used to collect data about the salinity, temperature, etc. about an area
  • Slocum Glider – another remotely operated vehicle, with functions similar to the functions of the Spray Glider
  • CAMPER – a towed vehicle used to collect samples from the seabed of the Arctic Ocean
  • Seasoar – a submarine towed by a ship
  • TowCam – a submarine with cameras that is towed by a ship along the ocean floor to take photographs
  • Video Plankton Recorder – a submarine with microscopic camera systems, towed along by a ship to take videos of plankton
  • Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) – an autonomous underwater vehicle

See also

References
  1. "Departments, Centers, and Labs". whoi.edu. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  2. "Ensuring the future of ocean science". whoi.edu. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  3. "MIT-WHOI Joint Program". Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  4. "Accreditation - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". WHOI. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  5. "President and Director". whoi.edu. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  6. "History and Legacy". whoi.edu. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  7. "John Steele – obituary". The Telegraph. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  8. In search of Air France Flight 447 Lawrence D. Stone Institute of Operations Research and the Management Sciences 2011
  9. "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". ROARMAP: Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies. UK: University of Southampton. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  10. "La trama financiera de cazatesoros detrás del rescate del galeón San José". abc (in Spanish). July 9, 2018.
  11. Sekine, Sara (March 6, 2019). "Chinese hackers target North American and Asian universities". Nikkei Asian Review.
  12. Benchley, Peter (2017). Jaws. PAN Books. ISBN 1509860169. OCLC 971527576.
  13. Benchley, Peter (1973). "Chapter 13". Jaws (1st ed.). United States: Doubleday Publishing. pp. 265. ISBN 0-385-04771-1.
  14. "B.H. Ketchum Award Recipients - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". WHOI. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  15. "Award Recipients - Henry Bryant Bigelow Medal in Oceanography". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  16. "WHOI scientists recognized for outstanding achievement - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". WHOI. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  17. "Stan Hart Receives AGU's Highest Honor". WHOI. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  18. "Oil Spill Research : Chris Reddy's Lab". www.whoi.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  19. Sosik, Heidi M. "Heidi M. Sosik | Speaker | TED". www.ted.com. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  20. "R/V Neil Armstrong - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". WHOI. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  21. "James Cameron Partners With WHOI". National Geographic. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  22. "Robotic Deep-sea Vehicle Lost on Dive to 6-Mile Depth". WHOI. May 10, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.

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