Underarm bowling incident of 1981

The series was tied 1–1, New Zealand having won the first match, and Australia the second. At the end of the third match, the batsman at the non-striker's end, New Zealand's Bruce Edgar, was on 102 not out; his innings has been called "the most overlooked century of all time".[2]

The match had three other moments of controversy before the underarm incident.

Firstly, with Australia batting, New Zealand's Martin Snedden claimed a low outfield catch off a hit by Greg Chappell when Chappell was on 58.[3] In his live television commentary, on Australia's Channel Nine, former Australian cricket captain Richie Benaud exclaimed "that is one of the best catches I have ever seen in my life". However, Snedden's catch was ruled not out by the umpires. This was some years before TV replays could be used in umpiring decisions; the Channel Nine broadcast did show viewers a number of slow-motion replays of Snedden's catch from a number of different camera angles, including a close-up of Snedden diving to fairly claim the catch. After reviewing several TV replays, Benaud re-affirmed what he had initially seen live, stating in his commentary: "there is no question in my mind that that was a great catch – clearly caught above the ground, a superb catch."[4]

Australian TV viewers watching the replays had divided opinions: some thought it was a clean catch, while others say it passed through the fielder's fingers to touch the grass before coming to rest in his hands. Some commentators believed that Chappell should have taken Snedden's word that the catch was good, as had been a time-honoured tradition. Chappell maintained he was not sure about the catch and was within his rights to wait for the umpires to rule. Chappell went on to score 90, before he was caught by Bruce Edgar in similar fashion. This time, Chappell walked after he clearly saw the fielder had cupped his hands under the ball.

When New Zealand batted, they reached the final over (final six balls to be bowled) still needing to score 14 runs to tie and 15 to win the match. The final Australian bowler was Trevor Chappell, who surrendered only eight runs in the first five balls, whilst claiming two wickets. The second controversy of the match saw one out granted to Chappell as leg before wicket (lbw) by the umpire, dismissing New Zealand batsman Richard Hadlee. When this was called, Channel Nine commentator Benaud again took issue with the ruling of the Australian umpire, believing the ball to have pitched outside of leg stump and stating: "I think that Richard Hadlee would justifiably feel a bit annoyed at that decision, particularly with all the troubles he's had with getting an lbw ruling when he bowled to batsmen blocking the wickets".[5]

A third controversy was that, in the confusion before the final ball was bowled, one of the Australian fielders, Dennis Lillee, did not walk into place, meaning that the ball should have been a no-ball, because Australia had one too many fielders outside the field restriction line.[6] The penalty would have resulted in one run being added to New Zealand's score and an additional ball to be bowled.

This was the era where umpires for international matches were provided by the host nation. The two umpires for this match were Donald Weser and Peter Cronin of Australia. Neither man would ever officiate another international cricket match.[7][8]

New Zealand needed six runs to tie the match from the final ball, with eight wickets down. Greg Chappell, the Australian captain, instructed the bowler (his brother Trevor) to bowl underarm in a bid to prevent the Number 10 New Zealand batsman (Brian McKechnie) from getting under the delivery with sufficient power and elevation to hit a six. Bowling underarm was within the laws of cricket at the time (though against the rules of the Benson and Hedges County Cup Tournament in England), but perceived as unsportsmanlike.[9][10]

In later years, Greg Chappell admitted that he had been exhausted and stressed after a demanding season of cricket and that, in hindsight, he was not mentally fit to be captain at the time.[11][12] He had also been on the field through the majority of the match that had been played in stifling hot conditions. At the 40-over mark of the New Zealand innings, Chappell (who had scored 90 in the Australian innings and then bowled 10 overs to the New Zealanders) told wicketkeeper Rod Marsh that he wanted to leave the field. Marsh, who described Chappell as being physically spent and exhausted, said that wasn't possible, and that Chappell had no choice but to see out the match. Despite being captain and arranging bowling changes and field placings, Chappell spent several overs fielding on the boundary because he felt overwhelmed by the conditions and the pressure of the situation.

In accordance with protocol, both umpires were informed that the final ball would be delivered underarm. It ended up being rolled along the pitch. As the ball was being bowled, Ian Chappell (elder brother of Greg and Trevor, and a former Australian captain), who was commentating on the match, was heard to call out "No, Greg, no, you can't do that"[13] in an instinctive reaction to the incident, and he remained critical in a later newspaper article on the incident.[14]

Australia won the game. The New Zealand batsmen walked off in disgust, McKechnie throwing his bat to the ground in frustration.[15] The New Zealand captain, Geoff Howarth, ran onto the field to plead with the umpires. Howarth believed underarm bowling to be illegal, as per the rules in the English tournaments.

After the incident, the then Prime Minister of New Zealand, Robert Muldoon, described it as "the most disgusting incident I can recall in the history of cricket",[16] going on to say that "it was an act of true cowardice and I consider it appropriate that the Australian team were wearing yellow".[17] Even the Prime Minister of Australia, Malcolm Fraser, called the act "contrary to the traditions of the game."[16]

Commentating for Channel 9 at the time, former Australian captain Richie Benaud described the act as "disgraceful" and said it was "one of the worst things I have ever seen done on a cricket field."[18] According to Benaud, Greg Chappell "got his sums wrong" and instead of using Dennis Lillee to bowl the last over, he was forced to use his brother Trevor, a considerably less talented bowler. (In limited-overs cricket, a bowler can only bowl a given share of the overs—for example, 10 out of 50 overs in an innings—and in this match, Lillee had already bowled his allotted overs.)

Although both Chappell brothers have publicly stated their embarrassment, McKechnie bears no ill-will over the incident.[19] Greg Chappell says "All my frustrations boiled over on that day", while Trevor Chappell is reluctant to talk about it.[20] Trevor Chappell remains best remembered for the "Underarm '81" incident.[21]

As a direct result of the incident, underarm bowling was banned in limited-overs cricket by the International Cricket Council as "not within the spirit of the game."[15]

The following year, the Australians went on tour to New Zealand. There was a boisterous crowd of 43,000 at Eden Park, Auckland, for the first One Day International of the tour. As Greg Chappell came out to bat, a crown green bowls wood was rolled from the crowd on to the outfield mimicking what had happened at the MCG the previous year. That day, he scored a century in a losing cause.[22]

The incident was used to inspire an instant kiwi lottery ad that depicts a rematch in which exactly the same conditions had arisen and Australia were again bowling the underarm. However, Brian McKechnie instead places his box in the way and subsequently hits a six off the deflected ball resulting in embarrassment for the Australian players.[23]

New Zealand cricketer Warren Lees recounted the underarm incident on New Zealand's 20/20 current affairs show, on Thursday 17 February 2005. He said that after the affair there was a long silence in the dressing room, which was broken suddenly and unexpectedly by fellow player Mark Burgess smashing a tea cup.

Also on 17 February 2005, over 24 years after the original underarm delivery, Australian fast bowler Glenn McGrath light-heartedly revisited the incident in the first ever Twenty20 international, played between Australia and New Zealand. In the last over of the match, a grinning McGrath mimed an underarm delivery to Kyle Mills, which prompted New Zealand umpire Billy Bowden to produce a mock red card.[24] As New Zealand needed more than 44 runs to win off the last delivery the outcome of the game was never in doubt, so it was positively received by the crowd.