Timeline of deworming
This is a timeline of deworming, and specifically mass deworming.
Big picture
| Time period | Key developments |
|---|---|
| Late 17th century | Birth of modern helminthology as European physicians first detail anatomy of parasitic worms. |
| 1851–1915 | Understanding of and interest in schistosomiasis deepens as more people come in contact with the disease. |
| 1948–present | Following World War II, the World Health Organization "has been the principal body concerned with the international support of research and control programmes" of schistosomiasis.[1]:266 However, despite this and the implementation of programs, prevalence of schistosomiasis increases in many areas.[1]:262 |
| 1949–1997 | Both Japan and South Korea successfully implement national programs to essentially eliminate soil-transmitted helminthiasis. |
| 2001–present | The World Health Assembly declares deworming as a focus. Various deworming organizations form. |
Full timeline
| Year | Event type | Event | Disease name | Geographic location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16th century BC | Schistosome parasites thought to first evolve in the Great Lakes of East Africa around this period.[1] | Schistosomiasis | Africa | |
| 16th century BC | Guinea Worm is described in several ancient Egyptian texts, and is thought to be common in the area[2] | Dracunculiasis | Egypt | |
| 1st Century – 7th Century | Discovery | Roman and Byzantine physicians are familiar with human roundworms and tapeworms and the infections that they cause.[3] | Roundworm, tapeworm | Roman Empire |
| 1683-1684 | Discovery | Birth of modern helminthology. Detailed anatomy of the roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) is described, first by English physician Edward Tyson (1683), and shortly afterward by the Italian Francesco Redi (1684).[3] | Roundworm | England, Italy |
| 1799–1801 | Crisis | Napoleon's soldiers almost certainly suffer from haematuria caused by schistosomiasis infection.[1] | Schistosomiasis | |
| 1851 | Discovery | Theodor Bilharz discovers the parasite responsible for schistosomiasis.[1] | Schistosomiasis | |
| 1882 | Publication | First mention of schistosomiasis in The Lancet.[1] | Schistosomiasis | |
| 1883 | Interest in schistosomiasis heightens in England (and Europe more generally) due to more frequent encounter with the disease following English occupation of Egypt.[1] | Schistosomiasis | England, Egypt | |
| 1893–1918 | Program launch | Four commissions designed to understand schistosomiasis are sent to North Africa.[1] | Schistosomiasis | Africa |
| 1898 | Discovery | Scientist Arthur Looss discovers that hookworms enter the body by boring through the skin when he accidentally infects himself.[3] | Hookworm | |
| 1909 | Organization | The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease (RSC) is founded. One of RSC's main goals is to eradicate hookworm disease in Southern United States.[4][5] The RSC is active from 1910–1914, and closes in 1915.[6] It is replaced by the International Health Division (IHD), another Rockefeller Foundation initiative, which tackled public health concerns on a global level.[7] | Hookworm | United States |
| 1914–1934 | Overdose of oil of chenopodium, administered as part of the Rockefeller hookworm eradication program, causes over 200 documented deaths. More than 80% of deaths occur in children under 12.[8] | Hookworm | ||
| 1915 | Discovery | Robert Thomson Leiper works out the life-cycle of schistosomiasis.[1] | Schistosomiasis | |
| 1926–1931 | Successful eradication | Guinea Worm is eradicated in Uzbekistan through a series of health education and sanitation measures.[2] | Dracunculiasis | Uzbekistan |
| 1927–1951 | Attempts are made to kill the intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis (i.e. snails) using copper sulfate instead of sanitation and health education. The reasoning here is to prevent the schistosomiasis life-cycle from being completed. However it is unclear if these measures reduced the prevalence of schistosomiasis.[1] | Schistosomiasis | ||
| 1938 | Schistosomiasis Commission proposed by Hilmy Bey; the League of Nations Health Committee suggests more research on the disease, but nothing is done due to the imminence of World War II (among other reasons).[1] | Schistosomiasis | ||
| 1939–1945 | Crisis | Allied soldiers affected by schistosomiasis in China, the Philippines, and the Pacific Islands. This brings the disease to international attention.[1] | Schistosomiasis | |
| 1942 | Program launch | Schistosomiasis control program begins in Venezuela.[1] | Schistosomiasis | Venezuela |
| 1947 | Publication | First assessment of the distribution of schistosomiasis in the world by Norman Stoll.[1] | Schistosomiasis | |
| 1948 | Program launch | The first World Health Assembly decides to establish an "Expert Committee" to deal with schistosomiasis.[1] | Schistosomiasis | |
| 1949 | Program launch | Volunteer organizations for deworming form in Tokyo and Osaka, which implement "biannual school-based mass screening and treatment".[6] | Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | Japan |
| 1955 | Program launch | Japan Association of Parasite Control (JAPC) forms. JAPC is a consolidation of several previous deworming groups that existed.[6] | Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | Japan |
| 1965–1995 | Program launch | Korea Association for Parasite Eradication models their deworming program (a "biannual school-based mass screening and treatment program") off Japanese programs.[6] | Soil-transmitted helminthiasis, hookworm, etc. | South Korea |
| 1971 | Successful eradication | Iran eliminates dracunculiasis.[2] | Dracunculiasis | Iran |
| mid-1980s | Under Japan Association of Parasite Control, deworming efforts lead to "very minimal levels" of Ascaris.[6] | Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | Japan | |
| 1986–present | Organization | The Carter Foundation begins a campaign to eradicate Guinea worm. The incidence of guinea worm infection declines sharply, from an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 to 22 reported cases in 2015.[9] | Dracunculiasis | |
| 1997 | The World Health Organization declares South Korea "essentially worm-free".[6] | Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | South Korea | |
| 2001 | The World Health Assembly declares the goal of 75% of schoolchildren in endemic areas receiving deworming treatment.[5]:2 | Schistosomiasis, Soil-transmitted helminthiasis[10] | ||
| 2002 | Organization | The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI) established after being funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[11] Since 2013 SCI has been a GiveWell top charity. | Schistosomiasis | |
| 2007 | Organization | Deworm the World Initiative is founded.[12] Since 2014 Deworm the World Initiative has been a GiveWell top charity. | Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | |
| 2012 | Program launch | Various organizations announce a coordinated effort to eliminate or control 10 neglected tropical diseases, including both schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis.[13] | Schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis | |
| 2015 | The "deworming debate" takes place starting in July on whether deworming is effective.[14] |
See also
References
- Sandbach, F. R. (July 1976). "The History of Schistosomiasis Research and Policy for Its Control". Med Hist. 20 (3): 259–75. doi:10.1017/s0025727300022663. PMC 1081781. PMID 792584.
- "Dracunculiasis: Historical background". World Health Organization. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
- Cox, F. E. G. (2002-10-01). "History of Human Parasitology". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 15 (4): 595–612. doi:10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 126866. PMID 12364371.
- "Rockefeller Sanitary Commission (RSC)". The Rockefeller Foundation. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
- Donald A.P. Bundy, Judd L. Walson, and Kristie L. Watkins (2013). "Worms, wisdom, and wealth: why deworming can make economic sense" (PDF). Retrieved April 16, 2016.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- "STH Elimination Strategy Support - Objective 1: Past STH Elimination Programs" (PDF). University of Washington Global Health START Program. February 17, 2015.
- Center, Rockefeller Archive. "100 Years: The Rockefeller Foundation | International Health Division · Health". rockefeller100.org. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
- PALMER, STEVEN (2010-04-01). "Toward Responsibility in International Health: Death following Treatment in Rockefeller Hookworm Campaigns, 1914–1934". Medical History. 54 (2): 149–170. doi:10.1017/s0025727300000223. ISSN 0025-7273. PMC 2844286. PMID 20357984.
- "Guinea Worm Eradication Program". www.cartercenter.org. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
- "WHA54.19 Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections" (PDF). World Health Organization.
- "About". Schistosomiasis Control Initiative. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- "Deworm the World Initiative, led by Evidence Action". GiveWell. April 2016.
- "Table of Commitments" (PDF). Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2012. Archived from the original on March 12, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2016.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- "Timeline: the deworming debate". The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
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