The great imitator

The Great Imitator (also The Great Masquerader) is a phrase used for medical conditions that feature nonspecific symptoms and may be confused with a number of other diseases.[1] Most great imitators are systemic in nature. Diseases sometimes referred to with this name include:

Various cancers[2]
- Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma[3]
- Mycosis Fungoides
Beriberi
Various rheumatic conditions, including:
- Fibromyalgia[4]
- Psoriatic arthritis [5]
- Lupus erythematosus [6]
  - Systemic lupus erythematosus[7][8]
- Sarcoidosis[9]
Multiple sclerosis[10]
Celiac disease[11]
Addison's Disease[12]
Pulmonary embolism[13]
Various infectious diseases, including:
Breathing-related sleep disorders (chiefly sleep apnea/hypopnea and upper-airway resistance syndrome)
Hypoglycemia as an imitator of a stroke
Amyloidosis
Pheochromocytoma
Various abdominal conditions:
- Appendicitis
- Pancreatitis

References

J.C. Segen. The Dictionary of Modern Medicine. CRC Press; 1992. ISBN 978-1-85070-321-1. p. 265.
Kufe, Donald W. (2009). Holland-Frei cancer medicine (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1.
Del Paggio, Joseph; et al. (2017). "Disturbances in blood flow and 'medicine's greatest imitator'". Internal Medicine Journal. 47 (5): 586–588. doi:10.1111/imj.13414. PMID 28503874.
Fibromyalgia as the great imitator, retrieved December 16th, 2006
"Psoriatic arthritis". 29 Jan 2017.
"Right Care". 12 June 2014.
Bell, JM; Nair, R; Solon, A; Walker, PD (2005). "SLE: The great imitator strikes again". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 45 (1): 219–22. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.05.049. PMID 15696465.
Rooney, J (2005). "Systemic lupus erythematosus: Unmasking a great imitator". Nursing. 35 (11): 54–60, quiz 60–61. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1008.5428. doi:10.1097/00152193-200511000-00049. PMID 16280927.
Tchernev, G (2006). "Cutaneous sarcoidosis: The 'great imitator': Etiopathogenesis, morphology, differential diagnosis, and clinical management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 7 (6): 375–82. doi:10.2165/00128071-200607060-00006. PMID 17173472.
Multiple Sclerosis as the great imitator Archived 2009-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved December 16th, 2006
Woods, William (1 January 2004). "Coeliac disease: the great imitator". Med. J. Aust. 181 (7) – via eMJA.
Williams, Penny; Evans, Sorcha; Thachil, Jecko (2010). "The Great Imitator". The American Journal of Medicine. 123 (7): e5. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.12.027. PMID 20609673.
Sharma, GV; Sasahara, AA; McIntyre, KM (1976). "Pulmonary embolism: The great imitator". Disease-a-month. 22 (7): 4–38. doi:10.1016/s0011-5029(76)80005-3. PMID 770102.
"STD Facts - Syphilis". 2017-12-11.
NYT article on Lyme disease, retrieved December 16th, 2006
Lederman, Edith R.; Crum, Nancy F. (2004). "A Case Series and Focused Review of Nocardiosis". Medicine. 83 (5): 300–13. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000141100.30871.39. PMID 15342974.
Sivers, Maurice L. (1961). "The Second "Great Imitator" - Tuberculosis". JAMA. 176 (9): 809–810. doi:10.1001/jama.1961.63040220009017a.
http://www.malariasite.com/clinical-features.htm%5B%5D

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[Segen1992-1] J.C. Segen. The Dictionary of Modern Medicine. CRC Press; 1992. ISBN 978-1-85070-321-1. p. 265.

[Card10-2] Kufe, Donald W. (2009). Holland-Frei cancer medicine (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1.

[3] Del Paggio, Joseph; et al. (2017). "Disturbances in blood flow and 'medicine's greatest imitator'". Internal Medicine Journal. 47 (5): 586–588. doi:10.1111/imj.13414. PMID 28503874.

[4] Fibromyalgia as the great imitator, retrieved December 16th, 2006

[5] "Psoriatic arthritis". 29 Jan 2017.

[6] "Right Care". 12 June 2014.

[pmid15696465-7] Bell, JM; Nair, R; Solon, A; Walker, PD (2005). "SLE: The great imitator strikes again". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 45 (1): 219–22. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.05.049. PMID 15696465.

[pmid16280927-8] Rooney, J (2005). "Systemic lupus erythematosus: Unmasking a great imitator". Nursing. 35 (11): 54–60, quiz 60–61. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1008.5428. doi:10.1097/00152193-200511000-00049. PMID 16280927.

[pmid17173472-9] Tchernev, G (2006). "Cutaneous sarcoidosis: The 'great imitator': Etiopathogenesis, morphology, differential diagnosis, and clinical management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 7 (6): 375–82. doi:10.2165/00128071-200607060-00006. PMID 17173472.

[10] Multiple Sclerosis as the great imitator Archived 2009-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved December 16th, 2006

[11] Woods, William (1 January 2004). "Coeliac disease: the great imitator". Med. J. Aust. 181 (7) – via eMJA.

[pmid20609673-12] Williams, Penny; Evans, Sorcha; Thachil, Jecko (2010). "The Great Imitator". The American Journal of Medicine. 123 (7): e5. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.12.027. PMID 20609673.

[pmid770102-13] Sharma, GV; Sasahara, AA; McIntyre, KM (1976). "Pulmonary embolism: The great imitator". Disease-a-month. 22 (7): 4–38. doi:10.1016/s0011-5029(76)80005-3. PMID 770102.

[14] "STD Facts - Syphilis". 2017-12-11.

[15] NYT article on Lyme disease, retrieved December 16th, 2006

[pmid15342974-16] Lederman, Edith R.; Crum, Nancy F. (2004). "A Case Series and Focused Review of Nocardiosis". Medicine. 83 (5): 300–13. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000141100.30871.39. PMID 15342974.

[http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=331211-17] Sivers, Maurice L. (1961). "The Second "Great Imitator" - Tuberculosis". JAMA. 176 (9): 809–810. doi:10.1001/jama.1961.63040220009017a.

[18] ttp://www.malariasite.com/clinical-features.htm%5B%5D