Table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS
Circulatory system
Heart
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
| cardiac output | β1, (β2): increases | M2: decreases |
| SA node: heart rate (chronotropic) | β1, (β2):[1] increases | M2: decreases |
| Atrial cardiac muscle: contractility (inotropic) | β1, (β2):[1] increases | M2: decreases |
| at AV node | β1: increases conduction increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1] | M2: decreases conduction Atrioventricular block[1] |
| Ventricular cardiac muscle | β1, (β2): increases contractility (inotropic) increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1] | --- |
Blood vessels
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
| vascular smooth muscle in general | α1:[2] contracts; β2:[2] relaxes | M3: relaxes[1] |
| renal artery | α1:[3] constricts | --- |
| larger coronary arteries | α1 and α2:[4] constricts[1] | --- |
| smaller coronary arteries | β2: dilates[5] | --- |
| arteries to viscera | α: constricts | --- |
| arteries to skin | α: constricts | --- |
| arteries to brain | α1:[6] constricts[1] | --- |
| arteries to erectile tissue | α1:[7] constricts | M3: dilates |
| arteries to salivary glands | α: constricts | M3: dilates |
| hepatic artery | β2: dilates | --- |
| arteries to skeletal muscle | β2: dilates | --- |
| Veins | α1 and α2:[8] constricts β2: dilates | --- |
Other
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
| platelets | α2: aggregates | --- |
| mast cells - histamine | β2: inhibits | --- |
Respiratory system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
| smooth muscles of bronchioles* | β2:[2] relaxes (major contribution) α1: contracts (minor contribution) | M3:[2] contracts |
✱ The bronchioles have no sympathetic innervation, but are instead affected by circulating adrenaline[1]
Visual system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
| Pupil dilator muscle | α1: Dilates (causes mydriasis) | |
| Iris sphincter muscle | - | M3: contracts (causes miosis) |
| Ciliary muscle | β2: relaxes (causes long-range focus) | M3: contracts (causes short-range focus) |
Digestive system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
| salivary glands: secretions | β: stimulates viscous, amylase secretions α1: stimulates potassium secretions | M3: stimulates watery secretions |
| lacrimal glands (tears) | β: stimulates protein secretion[9] | secretion of tears by stimulating muscarinic receptors (M3) |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidney | β1:[2] renin secretion | --- |
| parietal cells | --- | M1: Gastric acid secretion |
| liver | α1, β2: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis | --- |
| adipose cells | β1,[2] β3: stimulates lipolysis | --- |
| GI tract (smooth muscle) motility | α1, α2,[10] β2: decreases | M3, (M1):[1] increases |
| sphincters of GI tract | α1,[2] α2,[1] β2: contracts | M3:[2] relaxes |
| glands of GI tract | no effect[1] | M3: secretes |
Endocrine system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
| pancreas (islets) | α2: decreases insulin secretion from beta cells, increases glucagon secretion from alpha cells | M3:[11][12] increases secretion of both insulin and glucagon.[11][12] |
| adrenal medulla | N (nicotinic ACh receptor): secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine | --- |
Urinary system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
| Detrusor urinae muscle of bladder wall | β2,[2] β3:[13] relaxes | M3:[2] contracts |
| internal urethral sphincter | α1:[2] contracts | M3:[2] relaxes |
Reproductive system
| Target | Sympathetic (adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (muscarinic) |
| uterus | α1: contracts (pregnant[1]) β2: relaxes (non-pregnant[1]) | --- |
| genitalia | α1: contracts (ejaculation) | M3: erection |
Integumentary system
| Target | Sympathetic (muscarinic and adrenergic) | Parasympathetic |
| sweat gland secretions | α1: stimulates (minor contribution) | M:[2] stimulates (major contribution) |
| arrector pili | α1: stimulates | --- |
References
- H. P. Rang; M. Maureen Dale (2003). H. P. Rang (ed.). Pharmacology 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4.
- Costanzo, Linda S. (2007). Physiology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7817-7311-9.
- Schmitz, JM; Graham, RM; Sagalowsky, A; Pettinger, WA (1981). "Renal alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: Biochemical and pharmacological correlations". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 219 (2): 400–6. PMID 6270306.
- Woodman, OL; Vatner, SF (1987). "Coronary vasoconstriction mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in conscious dogs". The American Journal of Physiology. 253 (2 Pt 2): H388–93. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.2.H388. PMID 2887122.
- Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4.
- Circulation & Lung Physiology I M.A.S.T.E.R. Learning Program, UC Davis School of Medicine
- Morton, J S; Daly, C J; Jackson, V M; McGrath, J C (2009). "Α1A-Adrenoceptors mediate contractions to phenylephrine in rabbit penile arteries". British Journal of Pharmacology. 150 (1): 112–20. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706956. PMC 2013850. PMID 17115072.
- Elliott, J. (1997). "Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: Evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 20 (4): 308–17. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x. PMID 9280371.
- Mauduit, P; Herman, G; Rossignol, B (1984). "Protein secretion induced by isoproterenol or pentoxifylline in lacrimal gland: Ca2+ effects". The American Journal of Physiology. 246 (1 Pt 1): C37–44. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1984.246.1.C37. PMID 6320658.
- Sagrada, A; Fargeas, M J; Bueno, L (1987). "Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat". Gut. 28 (8): 955–9. doi:10.1136/gut.28.8.955. PMC 1433140. PMID 2889649.
- Poretsky, Leonid (2010). "Parasympathetic Nerves". Principles of diabetes mellitu. New York: Springer. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-387-09840-1.
- Duttaroy, A.; Zimliki, C. L.; Gautam, D.; Cui, Y.; Mears, D.; Wess, J. (2004). "Muscarinic Stimulation of Pancreatic Insulin and Glucagon Release is Abolished in M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Deficient Mice". Diabetes. 53 (7): 1714–20. doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1714. PMID 15220195.
- Kullmann, F. A.; Limberg, B. J.; Artim, D. E.; Shah, M.; Downs, T. R.; Contract, D.; Wos, J.; Rosenbaum, J. S.; De Groat, W. C. (2009). "Effects of 3-Adrenergic Receptor Activation on Rat Urinary Bladder Hyperactivity Induced by Ovariectomy". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 330 (3): 704–17. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.155010. PMC 2729793. PMID 19515967.
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