Ta'abbata Sharran

Thabit ibn Jabr, better known by his laqab (epithet) Ta'abbata Sharran (Arabic: تأبط شرا‎, romanized: Ta'abbaṭa Sharrā; died approximately 540 CE) was a pre-Islamic Arabic poet of the su'luk (vagabond) school. He lived near Ta'if and was a member of the Fahm tribe. He was known for engaging in tribal conflict with the Banu Hudhayl and Bajila tribes. He wrote poems about tribal warfare, the hardships of desert life, and ghuls. His work was prominent in the early poetic anthologies, being preserved in both the Mufaddaliyat (8th century) and the Hamasah (9th century). Details of his life are known only from pseudo-historical accounts in the poetic anthologies and the Kitab al-Aghani.

Ta'abbata Sharran
Born
Thabit ibn Jabr
Diedc. 540 CE
OccupationPoet
Notable work
Qasida Qafiyya
Qasida Lamiyya

Name

His proper name was Thabit ibn Jabr al-Fahmi.[1] Al-Fahmi is a nisba indicating his membership in the Fahm tribe. Ta'abatta Sharran is a laqab, or nickname, which means "he who has put evil in his armpit."[2] There are a number of traditional accounts of how he acquired the name, related in the Kitab al-Aghani.[3] In one, he saw a ram in the desert. He picked it up and carried it under his arm, but it urinated on him. It became heavier as he approached his camp, so he dropped it, and saw that in fact it was a ghul. His clan asked him what he had been carrying, and he replied "the ghul," which prompted them to give him his nickname.[4]

In another, during truffle season, his mother asked why he was not gathering truffles for the family. He went out with her bag and filled it with snakes, then returned to the tent carrying the bag under his arm. He threw the bag down in front of her and she opened it, finding the snakes, then fled the tent. When she told the story to the women of the tribe, they gave Thabit his nickname.[4] Another story has it that his mother gave him the name because he habitually carried his sword under his arm when travelling with a raiding party. Modern scholars believe that these traditions "should not be taken at face value," and that the name was intended to signify the poet's unavoidable propensity for trouble.[5]

Life
The Sarawat Mountains, used by the su'luk as a refuge after their raids.

His mother was Amima al-Fahmia, of the Banu al-Qayn.[5] After the death of his father Jabr, his mother married one of his enemies, Abu Kabir al-Hudhali.[6][7] Ta'abbata Sharran himself married a woman of the Banu Kilab.[5]

Ta'abbata Sharran was one of the few su'luk poets who was not repudiated by his tribe. He lived as a brigand, accompanied by a band of men including Al-Shanfara, Amir ibn al-Akhnas, al-Musayyab ibn Kilab, Murra ibn Khulayf, Sa'd ibn al-Ashras, and 'Amr ibn Barrak. The band primarily raided the tribes of Bajila, Banu Hudhayl, Azd, and Khath'am, and evaded pursuit by hiding in the Sarawat Mountains. Narratives of his life are found in several literary sources beginning in the 8th century, and include stylized accounts of his exploits such as him pouring honey on a mountain in order to slide to safety after a raid.[8]

The poet was eventually killed during a raid against the Banu Hudhayl, and his body was thrown into a cave called al-Rakhman.[5] According to the Poetic Encyclopedia, he died in 540.[9]

Poetry

Ta'abbata Sharran's poetic diwan consists of 238 verses divided into 32 poems and fragments. Typical of the su'luk poets, his work expresses strident individuality and a rejection of tribal values.[5]

Qasida Qafiyya

Ta'abatta Sharran's "Qasida Qafiyya"[lower-alpha 1] is the opening poem of the Mufaddaaliyyat, an important collection of early Arabic poetry.[11] According to the Italian orientalist Francesco Gabrieli, the Qafiyya may not have been written as a single poem, but might instead be a collection of verses compiled by later editors.[5]

The opening lines of the Qafiyya are as follows:

O [memories] ever returning, such passionate yearning you bring, such sleeplessness and such a dream phantom that comes by night despite the terrors of the way,
Travelling at night time, barefoot despite serpents and snakes,
My soul's your ransom – for so fine a night traveler on foot![12]

This poem follows the traditional structure of the qasida, but subverts it in order to express "the ideal of perpetual marginality".[13] It also contains several lines devoted to fakhr (boasting) about the poet's fleetness of foot, starting with line 4: "I escape [from her] as I escaped from the Bajila, when I ran at top speed on the night of the sandy tract at al-Raht."[14] The incident to which this line refers is explained in three different stories in the Kitab al-Aghani, which differ in their details but have to do with the poet being captured by the Bajila during a raid and using a ruse to escape.[15] Ta'abbatta Sharran, along with al-Shanfara and 'Amr ibn Barraq, was famous for being a fast runner.[16]

Charles Lyall translated the poem into English in 1918.[17]

Qasida Lamiyya

Another of the poet's major works is the "Qasida Lamiyya,"[lower-alpha 2] transmitted in the 9th-century Hamasah of Abu Tammam. The authenticity of this poem is doubtful. Al-Tibrizi, a major commentator on the Hamasa, believed that the true author was the rāwī (reciter) Khalaf al-Ahmar, while the Andalusian anthologist Ibn Abd Rabbih attributed it to a nephew of Ta'abbata Sharran.[19] Contemporary scholar Alan Jones concluded that it may be a mixture of authentic and inauthentic material.[19] The poem is a rithā' (elegy) on the death of the poet's uncle, slain on a mountain path by the Banu Hudhyal.[20] The poet describes his vengeance on the Banu Hudhayl, in what scholar Suzanne Stetkevych calls "the most famous Arabic poem of blood vengeance."[21]

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe admired the poem greatly,[5] and included a German translation of it in the "Notes and Queries" section of his 1819 work West–östlicher Divan.[22] Goethe's translation was based on Latin translations by Georg Freytag and Johann David Michaelis.[23] Other translations include those of Charles Lyall into English (1930),[24] Suzanne Stetkevych into English (1986),[25] and Pierre Larcher into French (2012).[26]

Other work
Tenth-century Persian representation of a group of ghuls.

One poem, labelled either "How I Met the Ghul"[27] or the "Qit'a Nuniyya," relates the story of the poet's encounter with a ghul.[28] He was travelling at night in the territory of the Banu Hudhayl, when a ghul stepped in his way. He fought the ghul and killed her, then spent the night on top of her. In the morning he carried her under his arm and showed her to his friends – "Two eyes set in a hideous head, like the head of a cat, split-tongued, legs like a deformed fetus, the back of a dog." The structure of the poem parodies Arabic love poems in which lovers meet at night in the desert.[29] In another, titled Sulayma Says to Her Neighbor Women,[lower-alpha 3] he meets a ghul and attempts to have sex with her, but she writhes and reveals her horrible face, which prompts him to cut her head off.[30] Further examples of his work can be found in poems VIII and IX of the Hamasah.[31]

Legacy

A famous elegy in the Hamasah may refer to Ta'abbata Sharran. The author is unknown but is typically taken to be either Tabbata Sharran's mother or the mother of another su'luk, al-Sulayk bin al-Salaka. The poem emphasizes the role of fate:

He wandered the desert in quest of an escape form death, but he perished.
If only I knew what it was – a probable error – that killed you...
Whatever track a young man follows, the Fates lie in wait.[32]

He was also mocked in a humorous hija' (lampoon) poem written by Qays ibn 'Azarah of the Banu Hudhayl, involving an incident in which Qays was captured by the Fahm and bargained for his life with Ta'abbata Sharran and his wife, Umm Jundab. In the poem Qays referred to Ta'abbata Sharran by the nickname Sha'l (firebrand):

"The first thing we demand," said they, "is the she-camel al-Balha', her mates and herd."
May God defend me!
My mistress [in whose custody I was], Umm Jundab, commanded that I should be killed.
May no one hear of that!
ٍShe says: "Kill Qays. Cut out his tongue!"
It should be enough for them if someone were to cut off my head!
Sha'l, the fire-brand, commands I be put to certain death.
So to Sha'l, said I, "You're an ill pleader for my life!"
He would bestow a young she-camel from my ransom upon his wife
As if you were making presents from the leggy young she-camels of wealthy Ibn Jami'.[33]

He also appeared as a character in the Resalat Al-Ghufran, written by Al-Ma'arri around 1033. During an imagined tour of hell, a Sheikh who criticized al-Ma'arri encounters Ta'abbata Sharran along with al-Shanfara,[34] and asks him if he really married a ghoul. Ta'abbata Sharran replies only, "All men are liars."[35]

Editions
  • Shakr, Ali Zulfiqar, ed. (1984). ديوان تأبط شرا و أخباره [Diwan Ta'abbata Sharran and his Reports]. Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.

Notes
  1. Arabic poems typically do not have titles, so critics refer to them by the letter in which they rhyme, the type of poem, or the opening words of the poem. A qasida is a type of poem. Qafiyya denotes a poem rhymed in the letter qaf (ق).[10]
  2. Also called "The Ritha' of Ta'abbata Sharran".[18]
  3. This title comes from the opening words of the poem.

References
  1. Abd al-Kareem 2003.
  2. Allen 2005, p. 119.
  3. al-Isfahani 1900, p. 209.
  4. Stetkevych 1993, p. 94.
  5. Arazi 2000, pp. 2–3.
  6. Bajraktarević 2012.
  7. Lyall 1918b, p. 216.
  8. Arazi 2000, pp. 2-3.
  9. Zaza 2016.
  10. Stetkevych 1993, p. 104.
  11. Stetkevych 1993, pp. 104–105.
  12. El Tayib 1983, p. 50.
  13. Stetkevych 1993, pp. 105, 109, 117.
  14. Jones 2011, p. 227.
  15. Stetkevych 1993, pp. 109.
  16. Stetkevych 1993, pp. 102.
  17. Lyall 1918a, p. 3.
  18. Stetkevych 1993, p. 48.
  19. Jones 2011, pp. 247–248.
  20. Stetkevych 1993, p. 60.
  21. Stetkevych 1993, pp. 57, 61.
  22. Jones 2011, p. 247.
  23. Mommsen 2014, p. 62–63.
  24. Lyall 1930, p. 48–49.
  25. Stetkevych 1986, p. 32–33.
  26. Diez 2014.
  27. Stetkevych 1993, p. 95.
  28. Jones 2011, pp. 241–246.
  29. Stetkevych 1993, pp. 95–97.
  30. Stetkevych 1993, pp. 102–103.
  31. Lyall 1930, p. 13–14.
  32. Allen 2005, p. 156.
  33. El Tayib 1983, pp. 79–80.
  34. Allen 2005, p. 268.
  35. Nicholson 1900, p. 714.

Bibliography

Traditional

Contemporary
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