Spontaneous alternation

Spontaneous Alternation Behavior (SAB) describes the tendency to alternate in their pursuit of different stimuli in consecutive trials despite a lack of training or reinforcement [1]. The Behavior emerged from experiments using animals, mainly rodents, who naturally demonstrated the behavioral pattern when placed in previously unexplored maze shapes (eg. using a T/Y-maze) [1][2].

Spontaneous Alternation testing is a behavioral assessment method derived from SAB. It is used to investigate exploratory behavior[3] and cognitive function (related to spatial learning and memory)[3][4]. These assessments are most often done with animals. The test serves great purpose in comparative psychology[5], wherein non-human animals are studied to investigate differences within and between species with the aims of applying their findings to a greater understanding of human behavior[6]. It is particularly useful in studying the potential neuroanatomical and neurobiological mediators of cognitive function[7] seeing as, where there are ethical limitations posed in the physiological study of humans, there is greater opportunity for more invasive procedures to be ethically conducted into non-human animals.

References
  1. Dember, W. N., & Richman, C. L. (2012). Spontaneous Atlernation Behaviour. Springer.
  2. Dennis, W. (1935). A Comparison of the Rat's First and Second Explorations of a Maze Unit. The American Journal of Psychology, 47(3), 488. doi:10.2307/1416343
  3. T Maze Spontaneous Alternation. (n.d.). [TLD]. Stanford Medicine. Retrieved 22 March 2020
  4. Wolf, A., Bauer, B., Abner, E. L., Ashkenazy-Frolinger, T., & Hartz, A. M. S. (2016). A Comprehensive Behavioral Test Battery to Assess Learning and Memory in 129S6/Tg2576 Mice. PLoS One, 11(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147733
  5. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2020). Comparative psychology. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.
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  7. Richman, C. L., Dember, W. N., & Kim, P. (1986). Spontaneous Alternation Behavior in Animals: A Review. Current Psychological Research & Reviews, 5, 358–391. doi:10.1007/BF02686603
  8. Ryan, R. M. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation. Oxford University Press.
  9. Glanzer, M. (1953). Stimulus satiation: An explanation of spontaneous alternation and related phenomena. Psychological Review, 60(4), 257–268. doi:10.1037/h0062718
  10. Wayne, D. (1939). Spontaneous alternation in rats as an indicator of the persistence of stimulus effects. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 28(2), 305–312. doi:10.1037/h0056494
  11. Dember, W. N., & Earl, R. W. (1957). Analysis of exploratory, manipulatory, and curiosity behaviors. Psychological Review, 64(2), 91–96. doi:10.1037/h0046861
  12. Lewis, S. A., Negelspach, D. C., Kaladchibachi, S., Cowen, S. L., & Fernandez, F. (2017). Spontaneous alternation: A potential gateway to spatial working memory in Drosophila. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 142, 230–235. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.05.013
  13. van Asselen, M., Kessels, R. P., Neggers, S. F., Kappelle, L. J., Frijns, C. J., & Postma, A. (2005). Brain areas involved in spatial working memory. Neuropsychologia, 44(7), 1185–1194. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.005
  14. Li, B., Arime, Y., Hall, F. S., & Uhl, G. R. (2009). Impaired spatial working memory and decreased frontal cortex BDNF protein level in dopamine transporter knockout mice. European Journal of Pharmocology, 628(1–3), 104–107. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.036
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  16. Douglas, Robert J. (1989), Dember, William N.; Richman, Charles L. (eds.), "Spontaneous Alternation Behavior and the Brain", Spontaneous Alternation Behavior, Springer, pp. 73–108, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8879-1_5, ISBN 978-1-4613-8879-1, retrieved 2020-03-17
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  18. Adelöf, J., Ross, M., Lazic, S., Zetterberg, M., Wiseman, J., & Hernebring, M. (2019). Conclusions from a behavioral aging study on male and female F2 hybrid mice on age-related behavior, buoyancy in water-based tests, and an ethical method to assess lifespan.Aging, 11(17), 7150–7168. doi:10.18632/aging.102242
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  21. Vecera, Sham P.; Rothbart, Mary K.; Posner, Michael I. (1991-10-01). "Development of Spontaneous Alternation in Infancy". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 3 (4): 351–354. doi:10.1162/jocn.1991.3.4.351. ISSN 0898-929X.
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  24. Bracken, M. B. (2008). Why animal studies are often poor predictors of human reactions to exposure. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102(3), 120–122. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.08k033
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