Spectral evidence

Spectral evidence is a form of evidence based upon dreams and visions. It was admitted into court during the Salem witch trials by the appointed chief justice, William Stoughton. The booklet A Tryal of Witches taken from a contemporaneous report of the proceedings of the Bury St. Edmunds witch trial of 1662 became a model for and was referenced in the Trials when the magistrates were looking for proof that such evidence could be used in a court of law.[1][2][3]

Spectral evidence was testimony that the accused witch's spirit (i.e. spectre) appeared to the witness in a dream or vision (for example, a black cat or wolf). The dream or vision was admitted as evidence. Thus, witnesses (who were often the accusers) would testify that "Goody Proctor bit, pinched, and almost choked me," and it would be taken as evidence that the accused were responsible for the biting, pinching and choking even though they were elsewhere at the time.

Thomas Brattle, a merchant of Salem, made note that "when the afflicted do mean and intend only the appearance and shape of such an one, say G. Proctor, yet they positively swear that G. Proctor did afflict them; and they were allowed to do so; as though there was no real difference between G. Proctor and the shape of G. Proctor."[4]

Rev. Cotton Mather argued that it was appropriate to admit spectral evidence into legal proceedings, but cautioned that convictions should not be based on spectral evidence alone as it was possible for the Devil to take the shape of an innocent person. Robert Calef published More Wonders of the Invisible World to criticize Mather for this position. After reading Calef's book, Reverend Mather publicly burned it in Harvard Yard.[5]

Rev. Increase Mather became an opponent of spectral evidence, though not until after the Salem hangings had taken place, and not on the basis that it was false testimony by witnesses, but that it might be a deception by demons. He published Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men, Witchcrafts, infallible Proofs of Guilt in such as are accused with that Crime.,[6] in which he argued that "It were better that ten suspected witches should escape, than that one innocent person should be condemned".

Concurrent with the trials in Salem, spectral evidence was also used in a trial in colonial Rhode Island where Thomas Cornell, Jr., son of Thomas Cornell, was convicted of matricide in the death of his mother, Rebecca.[7]

American jurisprudence was later modernized to exclude the use of apparitions and dreams as evidence in trials.[8]

See also

References
  1. Geis, Gilbert; Bunn, Ivan (1997). A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-century Witchcraft Prosecution. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17109-0.
  2. Jensen, Gary F. (2006). The Path of the Devil: Early Modern Witch Hunts. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4697-4.
  3. Bunn, Ivan. "The Lowestoft Witches". Retrieved 2007-12-29.
  4. Levin, David (November 1962). "Shadows of Doubt: Specter Evidence in Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown"". American Literature. 34 (3): 344–352. doi:10.2307/2923728. JSTOR 2923728.
  5. Richard F. Lovelace (1979). The American Pietism of Cotton Mather: Origins of American Evangelicalism. Washington D.C: Christian College Consortium. p. 22.
  6. Increase Mather (1693). Cases of Conscience concerning evil SPIRITS. London Coffee-House, Boston: Bemnjamin [sic] Harris. Archived from the original on 2012-09-10 – via University of Virginia Library Special Collections. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. "Rebecca Cornell". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
  8. Shaunak P.; Danny K.; Tobias G. "Court of Oyer and Terminer Dissolved". The Salem Times. Retrieved 2 July 2016 – via Univ. of Chicago.
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