Southwestern Brittonic languages

The Southwestern Brittonic languages (Cornish: Brythonek Dyghowbarthgorlewin, Breton: Predeneg Kreisteizkornôg) are the Brittonic Celtic tongues spoken in South West England and Brittany since the Early Middle Ages. During the period of their earliest attestation, the languages appear to be indistinguishable, but they gradually evolved into the Cornish and Breton languages. Both languages evolved from the Common Brittonic formerly spoken across most of Britain and were thus related to the Welsh and Cumbric varieties spoken in Wales and Hen Ogledd (the Old North, i.e. Northern England and the Scottish Lowlands), respectively.

Southwestern Brittonic
Geographic
distribution		 Brittany,  Cornwall
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Proto-languageProto-Southwestern Brittonic
Subdivisions
Glottologsout3176[1]

The earliest stage of the languages, Primitive Cornish/Primitive Breton, is unattested. Written sources are extant from the Old Cornish/Breton period, roughly 800–1100, in which phase the languages are indistinguishable. As such, some linguists such as Peter Schrijver use the term Southwest British (i.e. Southwest Brittonic) to describe the language when "Old Cornish" and "Old Breton" were indistinguishable and only separated by geography rather than linguistically.[2]

Description

Some of the sound changes that distinguish Southwestern Brythonic from Welsh include:

  • the raising of */(ɡ)wo-/ to /(ɡ)wu-/ in a pretonic syllable (in Welsh there was no raising)
  • the fronting of */aː/ to /œː/ (in Welsh it diphthongized to /aw/)
  • the fronting of */a/ to */e/ before */iː/ or */j/ in an old final syllable (in Welsh it diphthongized to /ei/)

Other significant differences are found in Welsh innovations in which Southwestern Brythonic did not participate, such as the development of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [3]

Footnotes
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Southwestern Brythonic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Schrijver, Peter (1 January 1995). Studies in British Celtic historical phonology. Rodopi. p. 12. ISBN 978-90-5183-820-6.
  3. Schrijver, Peter (1 January 1995). Studies in British Celtic historical phonology. Rodopi. pp. 167, 322. ISBN 978-90-5183-820-6.

References


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