Sore-loser law

In most states, these laws do not apply to presidential candidates. Many states accomplish the same requirement for non-presidential elections by having simultaneous registration dates for the primary and the general election. Only the states of Connecticut, Iowa, New York, and Vermont have neither a sore-loser law nor simultaneous registration deadlines.[2]

In Michigan, one of the few states where this law applies to presidential elections as well, Gary Johnson was three minutes late to withdraw from the 2012 Republican Primary and was therefore on the ballot. As a result, he was denied ballot access as a Libertarian.[3]

The Libertarian Party stated that since petitioning in Michigan is by party, not by person, a Texas businessman who is also named Gary E. Johnson would stand in and run for president as a Libertarian in Michigan, but a U.S. District judge denied their motion.[4]

Gary Johnson was certified as a write-in candidate and received 7,774 votes in Michigan in the general election that year.[5]

Opponents have argued that sore-loser laws constitute a violation of the Constitution, and have launched court challenges on those grounds. In August 2018 a federal judge sided with the North Carolina affiliate of the Constitution Party in agreeing that the retroactive application of the state's sore-loser law was unconstitutional, as applied to the newly formed party.[6]