Solar power in Turkey

Turkey is located in an advantageous position in the Middle East and Southeast Europe for solar energy. Solar potential is very high in Turkey, especially in the South Eastern Anatolia and Mediterranean provinces.[1] Compared to the rest of the region, insolation values are higher and conditions for solar power generation are comparable to Spain. 7.5 TWh was generated in 2018 which was 2.5% of Turkey's electricity.[2] Installed capacity was 5GW, with the Energy Ministry planning to have another 10GW installed in the 2020s.[3] However solar power in Turkey could increase far more quickly if subsidies for coal were abolished[4] and the auction system was improved.[3]

Insolation

  • The annual average total insolation duration is 2741 hours (7.5 hours per day).[5]
  • Average annual solar radiation is 1527 kW·h/(m²·yr) or 4.18 kW·h/(m²·d).[5]

Covering one half of one percent of the land area of Turkey with solar panels would be sufficient to generate all of the electricity used.

Policies, laws and incentives

Turkey enacted its second Renewable Energy Law, namely Law No. 6094 Concerning the use of Renewable Energy Resources for the Generation of Electrical Energy, in 2010.[6] Turkish government is also encouraging expansion and the utilization of solar energy for electricity generation. To stimulate investment in renewables, various incentive schemes have been introduced For example, renewable energy plants with an installed capacity of 500 kW or less are exempt from licensing obligations [1] Solar energy sources are covered by this law, which decrees that facilities which generate electricity from renewable energy sources will be granted a renewable energy resources certificate (RER Certificate) which will entitle such facilities to benefit from the incentives provided by the Law. EMRA is the competent authority to grant the RER Certificates. Permission is required from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry before building a solar park.[7]

Systems producing up to 50KW (e.g. residential systems) are more lightly regulated than larger ones.[8]

Systems producing up to 1-megawatt (MW) of energy do not need a license, and plugged into the national grid are eligible for payments of US$0.133 per kilowatt-hour for 10 years.[9]

Systems producing over 1-megawatt (MW) of energy must be licensed, but only if they feed into the grid. Such licences often become mired in the bureaucracy which is meant to ensure the grid can cope.[10] As of May 2015 600MW of these larger installation tenders have been approved. The one off fee per MW varies considerably depending on the result of each tender.

In the coming years solar energy will be feasible without any feed-in-tariff mechanism,[11] however as of 2019 smaller tenders[7] and lower interest rates are the key to the expansion of solar power.[12]

Heating and hot water

The main solar energy utilizations in Turkey are the flat-plate collectors in domestic hot water systems. Turkey is one of the leading countries in the world with a total installed capacity of 10 GWth as of 2011 (129 kWth /1,000 inhabitants)[13] and 15,000 solar water heaters as of 2015.[14]

The industry is well developed for hot water with high quality manufacturing and export capacity, but not so much for space heating, and is hampered by subsidies for coal heating.[15]

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics (PV) growth is expected to be slow in 2019 due to financing challenges, but pick up again some time in the 2020s.[16] From May 2018 ‘unlicensed’ PV projects can have a generation capacity of up to 5 MW. From 2020 solar cells are manufactured in Turkey.[17] In 2016 PV produced 3755 TeraJoules,[18] about 1TWh of Turkey's 300TWh annual generation. As of 2017 auction prices are around US$0.07 per kWh.[19]

Solar PV deployment in GWp
1
2
3
4
5
6
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Year Registered
PV capacity
Total
(MWp)
Generated
(GWh)
Share of total
consumption
20080.754
200915
201016
201117
2012512
2013618
20144058
2015191249
2016583832
201725893421
20181642506377992.56%
IEA-PVPS,[20] previous[21][22][23][24][25], 2018[26]

Rooftop small-scale PV

From 2019 the EPDK allowed net metering for homeowners and businesses installing 3-10 kW of PV on rooftops, so they can sell up to half of the electricity they generate to their electricity company, and receive payments equal to the price they pay.[27] As of 2019, the payback period was estimated at 11 years: removal of VAT and the fixed government approval fee and attaching borrowing for installation to the property's mortgage has been suggested to shorten this.[28]

Concentrated Solar Power

The Greenway CSP Mersin Solar Tower Plant, constructed at Mersin by Greenway CSP, has an installed power of 5 MW.[29]

See also

Sources

  • "OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2019". OECD. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews. February 2019. doi:10.1787/9789264309753-en. ISBN 9789264309746.

References

  1. DAWOOD, KAMRAN (2016). "Hybrid wind-solar reliable solution for Turkey to meet electric demand". Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 4 (2): 62–66. doi:10.17694/bajece.06954.
  2. "Solar". Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey). Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  3. "Opportunities to strengthen the YEKA auction model for enhancing the regulatory framework of Turkey's power system transformation" (PDF). Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  4. OECD (2019), page 36
  5. "Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - Solar". enerji.gov.tr. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  6. Renewable Energy Law
  7. "Hotels in Antalya turn to solar power to reduce electricity costs". DailySabah. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-23.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. "Policy in Turkey Encourages Renewable Energy Generation - Solar Novus Today".
  10. http://www.apricum-group.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/pv-magazine-September-2014_Turkish-solar-market.pdf
  11. "Why Should Investors Choose the Turkish Solar Market?". 2013-10-24.
  12. "Tax incentives for solar energy". Daily Sabah. 8 February 2019.
  13. "SOLAR HEAT WORLDWIDE 2011" (PDF).
  14. "How Turkey Can Ensure a Successful Energy Transition". Center for American Progress. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  15. OECD (2019), page 36
  16. "Tender cancellation affirms view of near-term Turkey renewables slowdown – Fitch Solutions". Fitch. 8 February 2019.
  17. "Turkey to start local solar cell production on June 15". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  18. "Supply, transformation and consumption of renewable energies - annual data (choose Solar and TeraJoule)". EuroStat. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  19. "Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector" (PDF). SHURA Energy Transition Center.
  20. {{cite web |url=http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=6&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=4827 |IEA-PVPS Annual Report 2018 |page=116 |website=http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=6 |publisher=International Energy Agency — Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme |date=20 May 2019}
  21. Trends Report 2010
  22. Trends Report 2008
  23. Trends Report 2009
  24. Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2013-2017 Archived 2014-11-06 at WebCite
  25. "Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018" (PDF). epia.org. EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  26. Grafik III.I - 2018 Yılı Türkiye Elektrik Enerjisi Üretiminin Kaynaklara Göre Dağılımı
  27. "Tax incentives for solar energy". DailySabah. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  28. "New Incentives Brighten Turkey's Rooftop Solar Sector" (PDF).
  29. "Solar tower at Mersin". Hurriet.
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