Software studies

Software studies is an emerging interdisciplinary research field, which studies software systems and their social and cultural effects. The implementation and use of software has been studied in recent fields such as cyberculture, Internet studies, new media studies, and digital culture, yet prior to software studies, software was rarely ever addressed as a distinct object of study. To study software as an artifact, software studies draws upon methods and theory from the digital humanities and from computational perspectives on software. Methodologically, software studies usually differs from the approaches of computer science and software engineering, which concern themselves primarily with software in information theory and in practical application; however, these fields all share an emphasis on computer literacy, particularly in the areas of programming and source code. This emphasis on analysing software sources and processes (rather than interfaces) often distinguishes software studies from new media studies, which is usually restricted to discussions of interfaces and observable effects.

For technical approaches to software, see Software engineering.

History

The conceptual origins of software studies include Marshall McLuhan's focus on the role of media in themselves, rather than the content of media platforms, in shaping culture. Early references to the study of software as a cultural practice appear in Friedrich Kittler's essay, "Es gibt keine Software",[1] Lev Manovich's Language of New Media,[2] and Matthew Fuller's Behind the Blip: Essays on the Culture of Software.[3] Much of the impetus for the development of software studies has come from video game studies, particularly platform studies, the study of video games and other software artifacts in their hardware and software contexts. New media art, software art, motion graphics, and computer-aided design are also significant software-based cultural practices, as is the creation of new protocols and platforms.

The first conference events in the emerging field were Software Studies Workshop 2006 and SoftWhere 2008.[4][5]

In 2008, MIT Press launched a Software Studies book series[6] with an edited volume of essays (Fuller's Software Studies: A Lexicon),[7] and the first academic program was launched, (Lev Manovich, Benjamin H. Bratton, and Noah Wardrip-Fruin's "Software Studies Initiative" at U. California San Diego).[8]

In 2011, a number of mainly British researchers established Computational Culture, an open-access peer-reviewed journal. The journal provides a platform for "inter-disciplinary enquiry into the nature of the culture of computational objects, practices, processes and structures."[9]

Software studies is closely related to a number of other emerging fields in the digital humanities that explore functional components of technology from a social and cultural perspective. Software studies' focus is at the level of the entire program, specifically the relationship between interface and code. Notably related are critical code studies, which is more closely attuned to the code rather than the program,[10] and platform studies, which investigates the relationships between hardware and software.[11][12]

See also

References

Footnotes
  1. Kittler 1993, pp. 225–242; Kittler 1995.
  2. Manovich 2001, pp. xxxix, 354.
  3. Fuller 2003, p. 165.
  4. "Software Studies Workshop". 2006. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  5. SoftWhere: Software Studies Workshop San Diego 2008 conference website
  6. "Software Studies – Series". Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2013.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  7. Fuller 2008.
  8. Software Studies Initiative @ UCSD official website
  9. "Computational Culture: Double Book Launch and Launch of Computational Culture, a Journal of Software Studies". London: Goldsmiths, University of London. December 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  10. http://criticalcodestudies.com/wordpress
  11. Bogost, Ian; Montfort, Nick. "Platform Studies: A Book Series Published by MIT Press". Platform Studies. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  12. Kirschenbaum, Matthew (23 January 2009). "Where Computer Science and Cultural Studies Collide". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

Bibliography
Fuller, Matthew (2003). Behind the Blip: Essays on the Culture of Software. New York: Autonomedia. ISBN 978-1-57027-139-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 ——— , ed. (2008). Software Studies: A Lexicon. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-06274-9.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Kittler, Friedrich (1993). Draculas Vermächtnis: Technische Schriften (in German). Leipzig: Reclam.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 ———  (1995). "There Is No Software". CTheory. Retrieved 19 January 2013.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Manovich, Lev (2001). The Language of New Media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-13374-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
Bassett, Caroline (2007). The Arc and the Machine: Narrative and New Media. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-7342-7.
Berry, David M. (2008). Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source. London: Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt183q67g. ISBN 978-1-84964-455-6.
 ———  (2011). The Philosophy of Software: Code and Mediation in the Digital Age. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230306479. ISBN 978-0-230-24418-4.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
Black, Maurice J. (2002). The Art of Code (PhD dissertation). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. OCLC 244972113. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
Chopra, Samir; Dexter, Scott D. (2008). Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203942147. ISBN 978-0-203-94214-7.
Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong (2008). "On 'Sourcery,' or Code as Fetish". Configurations. 16 (3): 299–324. doi:10.1353/con.0.0064. ISSN 1080-6520. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
Hayles, N. Katherine (2004). "Print Is Flat, Code Is Deep: The Importance of Media-Specific Analysis" (PDF). Poetics Today. 25 (1): 67–90. doi:10.1215/03335372-25-1-67. ISSN 1527-5507. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
Heim, Michael (1987). Electric Language: A Philosophical Study of Word Processing. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03835-4.
Kirschenbaum, Matthew G. (2004). "Extreme Inscription: Towards a Grammatology of the Hard Drive" (PDF). TEXT Technology (2): 91–125. ISSN 1053-900X. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
Kittler, Friedrich A. (1997). Johnston, John (ed.). Literature, Media, Information Systems: Essays. Amsterdam: Overseas Publishers Association. ISBN 978-90-5701-071-2.
 ———  (1999). Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Translated by Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey; Wutz, Michael. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3232-1.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
Mackenzie, Adrian (2003). "The Problem of Computer Code: Leviathan or Common Power" (PDF). Lancaster, England: Lancaster University. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
 ———  (2006). Cutting Code: Software and Sociality. Digital Formations. 30. Oxford: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-7823-4. ISSN 1526-3169.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
Manovich, Lev (2013). Software Takes Command. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-62356-672-2. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
Manovich, Lev; Douglass, Jeremy (2009). "Visualizing Temporal Patterns in Visual Media" (PDF). Retrieved 10 October 2009.
Marino, Mark C. (2006). "Critical Code Studies". Electronic Book Review. ISSN 1553-1139. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
Montfort, Nick; Bogost, Ian (2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01257-7.
Wardrip-Fruin, Noah (2009). Expressive Processing: Digital Fictions, Computer Games, and Software Studies. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01343-7.
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