Silphium integrifolium

Silphium integrifolium is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. Its common names include rosinweed, whole-leaf rosinweed, entire-leaf rosinweed, and prairie rosinweed.[1] It is native to eastern North America, including Ontario in Canada and the eastern and central United States as far west as New Mexico.[2][3]

Silphium integrifolium

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Silphium
Species:
S. integrifolium
Binomial name
Silphium integrifolium
Michx.

Description

This species is a perennial herb growing from a fibrous root system and producing stems up to 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) tall.[4] It can form a large clump of up to 100 stems.[5] The stems are hairless to slightly rough-haired, and sometimes waxy in texture. The leaves are stemless and oppositely arranged on the stems. The basal leaves are lost by maturity. The leaf blades are lance-shaped to ovate, smooth-edged or toothed, hairless to rough-haired, and up to about 23 cm (9 in) long.[4] The inflorescence holds one to 15 flower heads.[5] The head is lined with 2 or 3 rows of phyllaries which are hairless or rough and sometimes glandular, and have rounded bases and pointed tips. The head has up to 36 yellow ray florets and many yellow disc florets. The fruit has a short pappus.[4]

There are two varieties of the species:[4]

  • S. integifolium var. integrifolium – 40 to 200 cm (1 ft 4 in to 6 ft 7 in) in height
  • S. integifolium var. laeve – generally 100 to 150 cm (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall, with more florets and hairless leaves

Ecology

The foliage of the plant is eaten by herbivores such as the white-tailed deer and the blister beetle Epicauta fabricius. Plants have also been noted to lose approximately 17% of their fruits to lepidopteran larvae. The most common herbivorous insect on this species is the gall wasp Antistrophus silphii. The wasp injects its eggs into the apical meristem of the plant, and as its larvae develop, a spherical gall up to 4 cm (1 1⁄2 in) wide forms in the meristem. This stops the shoot from growing. Up to 30 larvae overwinter in each gall, pupate, and emerge as adult wasps the following season.[5]

Uses

The plant had uses among Native American peoples. The Meskwaki, for example, used the roots to treat pain from injuries.[6]

This species is cultivated for use in gardens.[7] Compared to other Silphium species, it is shorter, less likely to topple over, and faster from seed to flower.[8] While it looks similar to sunflowers (Helianthus), it is more manageable than most perennial sunflowers because it spreads more slowly, and it is not known to be allelopathic.[9]

Researchers at the Land Institute, with a number of collaborating institutions, have initiated a project to domesticate this species for use as an oilseed crop.[10]

References
  1. Silphium integrifolium. NatureServe. 2012.
  2. "Silphium integrifolium". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  3. "Silphium integrifolium". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  4. Clevinger, Jennifer A. (2006). "Silphium integrifolium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 21. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  5. Fay, P.; Hartnett, D. C. (1991). "Constraints on growth and allocation patterns of Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae) caused by a cynipid gall wasp" (PDF). Oecologia. 88 (2): 243–50. Bibcode:1991Oecol..88..243F. doi:10.1007/bf00320818. PMID 28312139.
  6. "Silphium integrifolium". Native American Ethnobotany. University of Michigan, Dearborn.
  7. "Silphium integrifolium". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  8. "Silphium integrifolium". Prairie Moon Nursery.
  9. Hilty, John (2016). "Rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium)". Illinois Wildflowers.
  10. "Perennial Sunflower (Silphium)". The Land Institute. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
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