Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity

Run-of-river hydroelectricity (ROR) or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation plant whereby little or no water storage is provided. Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or a limited amount of storage, in which case the storage reservoir is referred to as pondage. A plant without pondage is subject to seasonal river flows, thus the plant will operate as an intermittent energy source. Conventional hydro uses reservoirs, which regulate water for flood control and dispatchable electrical power.

Chief Joseph Dam near Bridgeport, Washington, USA, is a major run-of-the-river station without a sizeable reservoir.
A small and floating run-of-the-river power plant in Austria.

Concept
Mankala Power Station along the Kymi River in Iitti, Finland

Run-of-the-river or ROR hydroelectricity is considered ideal for streams or rivers that can sustain a minimum flow or those regulated by a lake or reservoir upstream.[1][2] A small dam is usually built to create a headpond ensuring that there is enough water entering the penstock pipes that lead to the turbines which are at a lower elevation.[3] Projects with pondage, as opposed to those without pondage, can store water for daily load demands.[1] In general, projects divert some or most of a river's flow (up to 95% of mean annual discharge)[4] through a pipe and/or tunnel leading to electricity-generating turbines, then return the water back to the river downstream.[3]

ROR projects are dramatically different in design and appearance from conventional hydroelectric projects. Traditional hydro dams store enormous quantities of water in reservoirs, sometimes flooding large tracts of land. In contrast, run-of-river projects do not have the disadvantages associated with reservoirs, which is why they have less environmental impact.[5]

Saint Marys Falls - run of the river (1902)

The use of the term "run-of-the-river" for power projects varies around the world. Some may consider a project ROR if power is produced with no water storage while limited storage is considered ROR by others. Developers may mislabel a project ROR to soothe public perception about its environmental or social effects. The Bureau of Indian Standards describes run-of-the-river hydroelectricity as:[6]

A power station utilizing the run of the river flows for generation of power with sufficient pondage for supplying water for meeting diurnal or weekly fluctuations of demand. In such stations, the normal course of the river is not materially altered.[6]

Many of the larger ROR projects have been designed to a scale and generating capacity rivaling some traditional hydro dams.[7] For example, the Beauharnois Hydroelectric Generating Station in Quebec is rated at 1,853 MW.[8] Some run of the river projects are downstream of other dams and reservoirs. The run of the river project didn't build the reservoir, but does take advantage of the water supplied by it. An example would be the 1995 1,436 MW La Grande-1 generating station. Previous upstream dams and reservoirs are part of the 1980s James Bay Project.

There are also small and somewhat mobile forms of a run-of-the-river power plants. One example is the so-called electricity buoy. That is a small floating hydroelectric power plant. Like most buoys it is anchored to the ground, in this case in a river. The energy within the moving water propels a power generator and thereby creates electricity. Prototypes by commercial producers are generating power on the Middle Rhine river in Germany and on the Danube river in Austria.[9]

Advantages

When developed with care to footprint size and location, ROR hydro projects can create sustainable energy minimizing impacts to the surrounding environment and nearby communities.[3] Advantages include:

Cleaner power, fewer greenhouse gases

Like all hydro-electric power, run-of-the-river hydro harnesses the natural potential energy of water, eliminating the need to burn coal or natural gas to generate the electricity needed by consumers and industry. Moreover, run-of-the-river hydro-electric plants do not have reservoirs thus eliminating the methane and carbon dioxide emissions caused by the decomposition of organic matter in the reservoir of a conventional hydro-electric dam.[10] This is a particular advantage in tropical countries where methane generation can be a problem.

Less flooding/reservoirs

Without a reservoir, flooding of the upper part of the river does not take place. As a result, people remain living at or near the river and existing habitats are not flooded. Any pre-existing pattern of flooding will continue unaltered, presenting a flood risk to the facility and downstream areas.

Disadvantages

"Unfirm" power

Run-of-the-River power is considered an "unfirm" source of power: a run-of-the-river project has little or no capacity for energy storage[11] and hence can't co-ordinate the output of electricity generation to match consumer demand. It thus generates much more power during times when seasonal river flows are high (i.e., spring freshet),[12] and depending on location, much less during drier summer months or frozen winter months.

Availability of sites
Rapids can provide enough hydraulic head

The potential power at a site is a result of the head and flow of water. By damming a river, the head is available to generate power at the face of the dam. Where a dam may create a reservoir hundreds of kilometres long, in run of the river the head is usually delivered by a canal, pipe or tunnel constructed upstream of the power house. Due to the cost of upstream construction, a steep drop is desirable, such as falls or rapids.

Environmental impacts

Small, well-sited ROR projects can be developed with minimal environmental impacts.[3] Larger projects have more environmental concerns. In the case of fish-bearing rivers a ladder may be required and dissolved gases downstream may affect fish.

In British Columbia the mountainous terrain and wealth of big rivers have made it a global testing ground for 10–50 MW run-of-river technology. As of March 2010, there were 628 applications pending for new water licences solely for the purposes of power generation – representing more than 750 potential points of river diversion.[13]

Concerns
  • Diverting large amounts of river water reduces river flows, affecting water velocity and depth, reducing habitat quality for fish and aquatic organisms; reduced flows can lead to excessively warm water for salmon and other fish in summer.[3]
  • In undeveloped areas, new access roads and transmission lines can cause habitat fragmentation, allowing the introduction of invasive species.[3]
  • The lack of reservoir storage may result in intermittent operation, reducing the project's viability.

Major examples
Main article: List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations

See also

Notes
  1. Dwivedi, A.K. Raja, Amit Prakash Srivastava, Manish (2006). Power Plant Engineering. New Delhi: New Age International. p. 354. ISBN 81-224-1831-7.
  2. Raghunath, H.M. (2009). Hydrology : principles, analysis, and design (Rev. 2nd ed.). New Delhi: New Age International. p. 288. ISBN 81-224-1825-2.
  3. Douglas T, Broomhall P, Orr C. (2007). Run-of-the-River Hydropower in BC: A Citizen's Guide to Understanding Approvals, Impacts and Sustainability of Independent Power Projects Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine. Watershed Watch.
  4. Knight Piesold Consulting. Plutonic Hydro Inc. Bute Inlet Project. Summary of Project Intake and Turbine Parameters. Knight Piesold Consulting.
  5. Hydromax Energy Limited. Hydromax Energy Limited website
  6. Partha J. Das, Neeraj Vagholikar. "Damming Northeast India" (PDF). Kalpavriksh, Aaranyak and ActionAid India. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  7. Plutonic Power (2008). Revised Project Description for Bute Inlet Hydroelectric Project Requirements. P1. Plutonic Power.
  8. "Hydroelectric generating stations - Hydro-Québec Production". www.hydroquebec.com.
  9. ORF News. Strom aus Bojen serienreif. German. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  10. "Reservoir Emissions". International Rivers. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  11. Douglas, T. (2007). "Green" Hydro Power: Understanding Impacts, Approvals, and Sustainability of Run-of River Independent Power Projects in British Columbia. Watershed Watch.
  12. Wilderness Committee. Wilderness Committee Comments on the Draft Terms of Reference, Bute Inlet Hydroelectric Private Power Project. Letter to Kathy Eichenberger, Project Assistant Director. P1. Wilderness Committee.
  13. IPPwatch.com website. IPPwatch.com Archived 2011-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. Hydro-Québec Production (2012), Hydroelectric Generating Stations (as of December 31, 2010), Hydro-Québec, retrieved 2011-05-17
  15. "Nathpa - Jhakri Hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh, India" (PDF). Geological Survey of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.

References
  • Freedman, B., 2007, Environmental Science: a Canadian Perspective; 4th edition, Pearson Education Canada, Toronto, pp 226,394.
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