Romanian cuisine

In the history of Romanian culinary literature, Costache Negruzzi and Mihail Kogălniceanu were the compilers of a cookbook "200 rețete cercate de bucate, prăjituri și alte trebi gospodărești" (200 tried recipes for dishes, pastries and other household things) printed in 1841.[1] Also, Negruzzi writes in "Alexandru Lăpușneanu": "In Moldavia, at this time, fine food wasn't fashioned. The greatest feast only offered a few types of dishes. After the Polish borș, Greek dishes would follow, boiled with herbs floating in butter, after that, Turkish pilaf, and finally cosmopolitan steaks".[2]

Cheese was known since ancient history. Brânză is the generic word for cheese in Romanian. This word is from Dacian. In addition to cheese, Dacians eat vegetables (lentils, peas, spinach, garlic) and fruits (grapes, apples, raspberries) with high nutritional value.[3] The Dacians produced wine in massive quantities. Once, Burebista, a Dacian king, angered by the wine abuse of his warriors, cut down the vines; his people gave up drinking wine.[4] Legend says that the Dacian people created their own beer. With the Romans, there was a certain taste, rooted in the centuries, for the perfect pastry made from cheese, including alivenci, pască, or brânzoaice. The Romans introduced porridge, where different variations of millet porridges were developed.

Maize and potatoes became staples of Romanian cuisine after their introduction to Europe. Maize, in particular, contributed to an increase in health and nutrition level of the Romanian population in the 16th and 17th centuries, resulting in a population boom.

More than four centuries, Wallachia and Moldavia, the two medieval Romanian principalities, were strongly influenced by their oriental neighbor, the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman cuisine changed the Romanian table with appetizers made from various vegetables, such as eggplant and bell peppers, as well as various meat preparations, such as chiftele (deep-fried meatballs, a variation of kofta) and mici (short sausages without casings, usually barbecued). The various kinds of ciorbă/borș (sour soups) and meat-and-vegetable stews, such as iahnie de fasole (beans), ardei umpluți (stuffed peppers), and sarmale (stuffed cabbage) are influenced by Turkish cuisine. The Romanian tomato salad is a variation of the Turkish çoban salata. There is a unique procession of sweets and pastries combining honey and nuts, such as baclava, sarailie (or seraigli), halva, and rahat (Turkish delight).

Romanian recipes bear the same influences as the rest of Romanian culture. The Turks brought meatballs (perișoare in a meatball soup), from the Greeks there is musaca, from the Austrians there is the șnițel, and the list could continue. The Romanians share many foods with the Balkan area (in which Turkey was the cultural vehicle), and Eastern Europe (including Moldova and Ukraine). Some others are original or can be traced to the Romans, as well as other ancient civilizations. The lack of written sources in Eastern Europe makes it impossible to determine today the exact origin for most of them.

One of the most common meals is the mămăligă, the precursor of polenta, served on its own or as an accompaniment. Pork is the main meat used in Romanian cuisine, but also beef is consumed and a good lamb or fish dish is never to be refused.

Before Christmas, on December 20 (Ignat's Day or Ignatul in Romanian),[5] a pig is traditionally sacrificed by every rural family.[6] A variety of foods for Christmas are prepared from the slaughtered pig, such as:

• Cârnați – garlicky pork sausages, which may be smoked or dry-cured;
• Lebăr – an emulsified sausage based on liver with the consistency of the filling ranging from fine (pâté) to coarse;
• Sângerete (black pudding) – an emulsified sausage obtained from a mixture of pig's blood with fat and meat, breadcrumbs or other grains, and spices;
• Tobă (head cheese) – based on pig's feet, ears, and meat from the head suspended in aspic and stuffed in the pig's stomach;
• Tochitură – a stew made with pork, smoked and fresh sausage simmered in a tomato sauce and served with mămăligă and wine ("so that the pork can swim"). There are many variations of this stew throughout Romania, with some versions combining different meats, including chicken, lamb, beef, pork and sometimes even offal;
• Pomana porcului—pan-fried cubed pork served right after the pig's sacrifice to thank the relatives and friends who helped with the process;
• Piftie/răcitură – inferior parts of the pig, mainly the tail, feet, and ears, spiced with garlic and served in aspic;
• Jumări – dried pork remaining from rendering of the fat and tumbled through various spices

The Christmas meal is sweetened with the traditional cozonac, a sweet bread made with nuts, poppy seeds, or rahat (Turkish delight).

At Easter, lamb is served: the main dishes are borș de miel (lamb sour soup), roast lamb, and drob de miel – a Romanian-style lamb haggis made from minced offal (heart, liver, lungs), lamb meat and spring onions with spices, wrapped in a caul and roasted.[7][8] The traditional Easter cake is pască, a pie made from yeast dough with a sweet cottage cheese filling at the center.[9][10]

Romanian pancakes, called clătite, are thin (like the French crêpe) and can be prepared with savory or sweet fillings: ground meat, cheese, or jam. Different recipes are prepared depending on the season or the occasion.[11]

Wine is the preferred drink, and Romanian wine has a tradition of over three millennia.[11] Romania is currently the world's ninth largest wine producer, and recently the export market has started to grow.[11] Romania produces a wide selection of domestic varieties (Fetească, Grasă, Tămâioasă, Busuioacă, and Băbească), as well as varieties from across the world (Italian Riesling, Merlot, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Muscat Ottonel). Beer is also highly regarded, generally blonde pilsener beer, made with German influences. There are also Romanian breweries with a long tradition.

According to the 2009 data of FAOSTAT, Romania is the world's second largest plum producer (after the United States),[12] and as much as 75% of Romania's plum production is processed into the famous țuică, a plum brandy obtained through one or more distillation steps.[13]

Salată de vinete

• Ardei copți - roasted pepper salad, with vinegar and sunflower or olive oil
• Murături - method of pickling different fruits and vegetables
  • Castraveți murați - pickled small cucumbers
  • Gogonele murate - pickled green tomatoes, which is the simple version of murături asortate
  • Varză murată - cabbage pickled in brine, flavored with dill stalks and beetroots for red colour.
  • Murături asortate - pickled mixed vegetables; a combination of any of the following: onions, garlic, green tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, kohlrabi, beets, carrots, celery, parsley roots, cauliflower, apples, quince, unripe plums, small unripe watermelons, small zucchini, and red cabbage. It is most often cured in brine (Turkish version), though it can also be cured in vinegar (German version).
• Mujdei - crushed garlic sauce
• Salată de boeuf - minced meat with boiled vegetables, mayonnaise, and a dash of mustard
• Salată de vinete - roasted and peeled eggplant, chopped onions, and salt mixed with oil or mayonnaise
• Salată orientală - potato salad with eggs, onions, and olives
• Salată de sfeclă - beet salad
• Salată de roșii - tomato salad, with sliced onions, bell peppers, and cucumber. Flavored with dill or parsley.

Cașcaval Penteleu, a type of Romanian cheese

The generic name for cheese in Romania is brânză, and it is considered to be of Dacian origin. Most of the cheeses are made from cow's or sheep's milk. Goat's milk is rarely used. Sheep cheese is considered "the real cheese", although in modern times, some people refrain from consuming it due to its higher fat content and specific smell.

• Brânză de burduf is a kneaded cheese prepared from sheep's milk and traditionally stuffed into a sheep's stomach; it has a strong taste and semi-soft texture
• Brânză topită is a melted cheese and a generic name for processed cheese, industrial product
• Brânză în coșuleț is a sheep's milk, kneaded cheese with a strong taste and semi-soft texture, stuffed into bellows of fir tree bark instead of pig bladder, very lightly smoked, traditional product
• Caș is a semi-soft fresh white cheese, unsalted or lightly salted, stored in brine, which is eaten fresh (cannot be preserved), traditional, seasonal product
• Cașcaval is a semi-hard cheese made from sheep's or cow's milk, traditional product
• Năsal is a type of cheese with a pungent aroma, traditional product
• Penteleu, a type of Cașcaval, traditional product
• Șvaițer, industrial product ("Schweizer Käse")
• Telemea, cow's or sheep's milk white cheese, vaguely similar to feta. The traditional "Telemea de Ibănești" (a type of telemea registered as a Romanian protected designation of origin (PDO) product in the European Union[15]) is spiced with Nigella damascena seeds, which gives it a unique flavor.
• Urdă - made by boiling the whey drained from cow's or ewe's milk until the remaining proteins precipitate and can be collected, traditional product

• Alivenci, corn and cheese pie in sweet and salted variants. Traditional dessert in Eastern Romania and Moldova.

Amandine, Romanian chocolate sponge cake.

Cozonac

Papanași, Romanian doughnuts.

• Amandine - chocolate sponge cake with almond and chocolate filling, glazed in chocolate
• Baclava
• Brânzoaice (Poale-n brâu moldovenești) - traditional Moldavian soft cakes filled with sweet cheese[20]
• Chec - pound cake
• Clătite - crêpes (literally: pancakes)
• Colivă - boiled wheat, mixed with sugar and walnuts (often decorated with candy and icing sugar; distributed at funerals and memorial ceremonies)
• Colțunași
• Cornulețe - pastries filled with Turkish delight, jam, chocolate, cinnamon sugar, walnuts, or raisins, with the shape representing a crescent
• Covrigi - pretzel[21]
• Cozonac - a kind of Stollen made from leavened dough, into which milk, eggs, sugar, butter, and other ingredients are mixed together before baking
• Cremă de zahăr ars - Crème brûlée
• Găluști cu prune - dumplings with plums, a dessert made of mashed potatoes and flour dough and filled with fresh plums
• Gogoși - literally "doughnuts", but more akin to fried dough[22]
• Griș cu lapte
• Halva
• Lapte de pasăre - literally "bird's milk", vanilla custard garnished with "floating islands" of whipped egg whites
• Magiun of Topoloveni - a type of plum jam, registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union[15]
• Mucenici/sfințișori - sweet pastries (shaped like "8", made from boiled or baked dough, garnished with walnuts, sugar, or honey, eaten on a single day of the year, on 9 March)[23]
• Orez cu lapte - Rice pudding
• Pandișpan - Sponge cake
• Papanași - a kind of doughnut made from a mixture of sweet cheese, eggs, and semolina, boiled or fried and served with fruit syrup or jam and sour cream
• Pelincile Domnului
• Plăcintă - pie
• Prăjituri - assorted pastries
• Rahat - Turkish delight
• Salam de biscuiți - literally „salami of biscuits", made from biscuits, chocolate, Turkish delight, and rum essence. The cylindrical shape resembles a sausage, hence the name.
• Savarine - savarina[24]
• Scovergi - flat fried dough. It is eaten with honey, jam or cheese.
• Șarlotă - a custard made from milk, eggs, sugar, whipped cream, gelatin, fruits, and ladyfingers; from the French Charlotte
• Tort - cake
• Tort Joffre - Joffre cake - invented at the Casa Capșa restaurant in Bucharest
• Turtă dulce - gingerbread

• Afinată - a liqueur made from afine (aka. bilberry in English), which are similar to the North American blueberry.
• Bere
• Bragă
• Cafea
• Ceai - prepared in the form of either various plant tisanes (chamomile, mint, tilly flower, etc.) or common black tea, called ceai rusesc in Romanian, which is Russian tea usually served during breakfast.
• Horincă is a plum or apple brandy, produced in the northern part of the country (Maramureș)
• Must - the grape juice in the fermentation process that hasn't become wine yet.
• Pălincă is a strong, double-distilled fruit brandy (especially plum, but also apple, apricots, peach, pear etc.) produced in Transylvania
• Pelin de mai is a wine specialty, usually produced in the spring, flavored with Artemisia dried plants
• Rachiu is a fruit brandy. Generic "rachiu" can be made from any fruit (except plums), while "țuică" is reserved exclusively for the variety of brandy made from plums.
• Rachiu de tescovină is a pomace brandy produced from grapes that have been used in wine production, very similar to the Italian grappa
• Sana is a kind of a drinkable yogurt
• Secărică is a caraway fruit flavored vodka, similar to the German kümmel
• Sirop - prepared with syrup made from fir tree, pine, buckthorn, blueberry, raspberry, or strawberry, with different types of honey or sugar
• Socată is a non-alcoholic beverage made from fermented elderflower (Sambucus nigra)
• Șliboviță is a plum brandy, produced in the Banat region.
• Turț is a strong, double-distilled plum brandy, named after the village of Turț in northwestern Romania
• Țuică is a plum brandy
• Vin
• Vișinată is a sour cherry liqueur
• Vodcă
• Zmeurată is a raspberry liqueur

• Beer in Romania
• Moldovan cuisine

• Nicolae Klepper, Taste of Romania, Hippocrene, New York, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7818-0766-1, ISBN 0-7818-0766-2

• Some of the best Romanian foods
• Romanian Cuisine
• Romanian Home Channel Recipes
• Manger à l’orientale en Roumanie (in French)
• Traditional Romanian desserts