Rifle cartridge

A full-powered cartridge is a military battle rifle cartridge with a minimum effective range of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Most full-powered cartridges have their origin in the turn of the 19th century with the advent of smokeless powder. Examples include 7.62×51mm NATO, .30-06 Springfield, 7.62×54mmR, .303 British, 7.92×57mm Mauser, 7×57mm Mauser or 8mm Lebel. Today they are primarily used only in medium machine guns and marksman/sniper rifles.

An intermediate cartridge is a military assault rifle cartridge that is less powerful than typical full-power cartridges such as the 7.92mm Mauser, .30-06 or 7.62×51mm NATO, but still significantly more powerful than handgun cartridges used in service pistols and submachine guns.[1] As their recoil is significantly reduced compared to full-power cartridges, fully automatic rifles firing intermediate cartridges are relatively easy to control. This reduced recoil impulse also allows for rapid, accurate follow-up shots with semi-automatic rifles or rifles with a semi-automatic fire mode.[2] However, even though less powerful than traditional full-power cartridges, the external and terminal ballistics of an intermediate cartridge are still sufficient for an effective range of 300–600 metres (980–1,970 ft), which are the typical maximum engagement ranges for ordinary infantrymen in combat.

The introduction of intermediate cartridges allowed for the development of the assault rifle concept, which is a magazine-fed, selective fire weapon lighter and more compact than battle rifles firing full-power cartridges. The first intermediate cartridge was the German 7.92×33mm Kurz for the StG 44[1], the world's first assault rifle. Other examples include the Soviet 7.62×39mm used in the AK-47 and AKM series, the .280 British round developed for the EM-2, and the 5.56×45mm NATO for the AR-15/M16/M4 series rifles.