Refugee employment

Refugee employment refers to refugees gaining access to legal paid work, with the assistance of international organizations, as a requirement for asylum status or citizenship in a host country.

Refugee workforce integration

Refugees are often faced with under-employment, unemployment and employment in informal economy. In this sense, many researchers and practitioners call for not just simple refugee employment, but a successful refugee workforce integration[1]. Refugee workforce integration is understood to be a process in which refugees engage in economic activities (employment or self-employment), which are commensurate with individuals' professional goals and previous qualifications and experience, and provide adequate economic security and prospects for career advancement[2]. It is ideal that refugee-receiving countries aim to facilitate refugee workforce integration, looking after the whole process in order to help refugees be self-sustainable, instead of merely promoting refugee employment, which may lead to short-term and unsustainable economic outcomes. That is, in understanding refugee employment and workforce integration, contextual settings around refugees' destination countries play a vital role.[3]

Canvas ceiling

Canvas ceiling[4] is a metaphor used to capture a multitude of barriers affecting refugee workforce integration (cf. glass ceiling and bamboo ceiling). The notion of the ceiling is used to illuminate the limits that a particular social group encounters in their career journey. Canvas ceiling encompasses institutional-, organizational- and individual-level challenges that refugees encounter in accessing and advancing quality employment within the receiving society. Refugee workforce integration is especially difficult to facilitate due to the interplay of various factors across multiple levels (i.e. institutional, organizational and individual-level factors). That is, refugees experience interrelated effects of compound challenges that they must overcome in order to achieve adequately remunerated and commensurate employment with prospects for professional advancement. These challenges span around: immigration regulations, qualifications accreditation and education, socio-political climate, employers, self-employment related issues, support organizations' operations and management, individual demographics, language, social networks, psychological responses, and motivation of individual refugees.[5]

Refugee employment agreements

145 countries have signed the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees[6]. In countries that have signed the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, refugees are entitled to gainful employment under Chapter 3[7]. Three articles in Chapter 3 pertain to the employment of refugees.

  • Article 17 requires that countries should give refugees the same rights to employment as citizens and exempt refugees from restrictions applied to foreigners if they fulfill one of the following conditions:
    • He has completed three years’ residence in the country;
    • He has a spouse possessing the nationality of the country of residence. A refugee may not invoke the benefits of this provision if he has abandoned his spouse;
    • He has one or more children possessing the nationality of the country of residence.
  • Article 18 states that refugees are allowed the same rights to self-employment as foreigners in the country.
  • Article 19 allows for refugees with diplomas that are recognized by the authorities of the state should be accorded the same treatment as foreigners in the country.

Various countries may also have additional requirements or laws to gain employment. It can still be difficult for refugees to gain legal employment even in countries that have signed the convention.

Individuals usually need to have refugee status before they are allowed to gain employment. Countries usually have their own asylum processes to accord refugee status. In the US, this means getting approved by the United States Refugee Admissions Program[8].In several countries, refugee status is determined by UNHCR[9].

Some countries such as the UK, Australia, Canada, Chile, Greece, Mexico, Norway and Sweden also allow asylum-seekers to gain access to employment before they get refugee status if they meet certain conditions[10]. Other countries such as Germany also allow individuals whose refugee applications have been rejected but are unable to return home to access legal employment[10].

Some countries like Malaysia that are not signatories to the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees have indicated willingness to allow refugee employment[11]. However, in most countries that are non-signatories to the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and particularly in developing countries, refugees are not allowed to work legally. Many refugees in these countries still work but do so in the informal economy[12].

Arguments

Refugee employment benefits

Refugee employment is regarded as one of the ways to help refugees integrate into the host country. Employment helps to increase refugee’s self-reliance and dependence on social services[13]. Employment would also help to increase access to other essential services such as healthcare and education. On the overall, it would lead to improved standards of living[13].

Hiring refugees can benefit businesses too. Refugees tend to have lower turnover rates than locals and helps reduce the business cost of rehiring[14].

The host country usually also benefits as refugees gain legal employment, it helps to grow the economy and increase the tax base. Studies have estimated the impact of legalizing immigrant employment on US economic growth to be 0.8% or about $15.2 billion per year[15]. A similar study in Malaysia estimates the impact of legalizing employment for refugees to be RM3 billion in GDP growth by 2024 and an increase of RM50 million in tax receipts[16]. This happens through various mechanisms, including increased consumer spending from refugees who have improved incomes.

Correspondingly, the growth of the economy is also expected to create new jobs. This is particularly as refugees tend to fill lower value jobs which are usually also jobs that locals shun in developed countries. This makes businesses more productive and creates industry growth[12]. It also encourages locals to specialize and upgrade to higher value jobs[13]. Where refugees are allowed to start businesses, they also create jobs that employ locals. A study estimates in Turkey, that Syrian entrepreneurs hire 9.4 employees, most of whom are Turkish natives[17].

Refugee employment challenges

A UNHCR-OCED Report identifies challenges with respect to refugee employment. Refugees are often unable to find employment due to a lack of information on the opportunities in the host country. Job matching and job seeking assistance is usually required to help refugees gain employment[10].

Cultural barriers often exist in the work environment and in the society. Refugees often face discrimination and resistance in host countries[18] [19] and refugee employment tends to be viewed as competition for citizens[20].

Employed refugees are at risk of exploitation, particularly in countries where they lack legal access to employment. This tends to be exacerbated partly because they lack knowledge of the home country’s laws and their rights. This ranges from employers withholding access to social security and utilization of child labor[21]. In response, the United Nation Human Rights Commissioner has called for countries to treat refugees as right holders[22].

Employers may also be hesitant to employ refugees because they are unclear about the refugee employment laws in their countries and consequently take the conservative approach of not hiring refugees[10]. Other challenges include a lack of clarity of the duration of stay of the refugees and a mismatch of skills from the employer and the refugees[10].

Companies often also do not see a business case for hiring refugees. Many view hiring refugees as a Corporate Social Responsibility obligation rather than being beneficial to the business[23].


References
  1. Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara. "Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration". International Journal of Management Reviews. n/a (n/a). doi:10.1111/ijmr.12222. ISSN 1468-2370.
  2. Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara. "Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration". International Journal of Management Reviews. n/a (n/a). doi:10.1111/ijmr.12222. ISSN 1468-2370.
  3. Szkudlarek, Betina; Nardon, Luciara; Osland, Joyce; Adler, Nancy; Lee, Eun Su (2019-09-11). "When context matters: what happens to international theory when researchers study refugees". Academy of Management Perspectives. doi:10.5465/amp.2018.0150. ISSN 1558-9080.
  4. Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara. "Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration". International Journal of Management Reviews. n/a (n/a). doi:10.1111/ijmr.12222. ISSN 1468-2370.
  5. Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara. "Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration". International Journal of Management Reviews. n/a (n/a). doi:10.1111/ijmr.12222. ISSN 1468-2370.
  6. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2015) States Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/refugee-status-determination.html (Accessed: 4 November 2019).
  7. UNHCR (2019a) UNHCR - Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10 (Accessed: 4 November 2019).
  8. Poutvaara, P. and Wech, D. (2016) ‘Integrating Refugees into the Labor Market – a Comparison of Europe and the United States’, CESifo DICE Report. Available at: https://www.cesifo-group.de/DocDL/dice-report-2016-4-poutvaara-wech-december.pdf.
  9. UNHCR (2019b) UNHCR - Refugee Status Determination. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/refugee-status-determination.html (Accessed: 4 November 2019).
  10. UNHCR and OECD (2018) UNHCR - Engaging with employers in the hiring of refugees - A 10-point multi-stakeholder action plan for employers, refugees, governments and civil society. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/5adde9904 (Accessed: 4 November 2019).
  11. Federico Rodriquez (2018) Harapan’s victory promises hope for refugees. Available at: https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/426499 (Accessed: 4 November 2019).
  12. Peri, G. (2016) ‘The effect of immigration on productivity: Evidence from U.S. states’, The Economics of International Migration, 49, pp. 265–275. doi: 10.1142/9781.
  13. Clemens, M. et al. (2018) The Economic and Fiscal Effects of Granting Refugees Formal Labor Market Access. Available at: www.cgdev.orgwww.cgdev.org (Accessed: 4 November 2019).
  14. Kallick, D. D. and Roldan, C. (2018) Refugees As Employees: Good Retention, Strong Recruitment.
  15. Ortega, F., Edwards, R. and Hsin, A. (2018) The Economic Effects of Providing Legal Status to DREAMers. Available at: www.iza.org (Accessed: 5 November 2019).
  16. Todd, L., Amirullah, A. and Shin, W. Y. (2019) ‘The Economic Impact of Granting Refugees in Malaysia the Right to Work’. Available at: www.ideas.org.my.
  17. Building Markets and Syrian Economic Forum (2017) Another Side to the Story: A market assessment of Syrian SMEs in Turkey.
  18. Paluck, E. L. and Green, D. P. (2009) ‘Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research and Practice’, Annual Review of Psychology. Annual Reviews, 60(1), pp. 339–367. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607.
  19. Pocock, N. and Chan, C. (2018) Refugees, Racism and Xenophobia: What Works to Reduce Discrimination? - Our World. Available at: https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/refugees-racism-and-xenophobia-what-works-to-reduce-discrimination (Accessed: 5 November 2019).
  20. Debating Europe (2018) Do refugees take away jobs? . Available at: https://www.debatingeurope.eu/2018/04/04/refugees-take-away-jobs/ (Accessed: 5 November 2019).
  21. Mellouk, I. (2019) When refugees in Germany are exploited by their fellow countrymen. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/when-refugees-in-germany-are-exploited-by-their-fellow-countrymen/a-47734932 (Accessed: 5 November 2019).
  22. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (2018) States must treat refugees and migrants as rights holders and act to prevent trafficking and exploitation. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23413&LangID=E (Accessed: 5 November 2019).
  23. OECD and UNHCR (2016) Hiring refugees-What are the opportunities and challenges for employers?.
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