Real Book

The Real Book refers to compilations of lead sheets for jazz standards. It usually refers to the first volume of a series of books transcribed and collated by Berklee College of Music students during the 1970s.[1]

This article is about the publication. For the album by Steve Swallow, see Real Book (album).

The name is derived from the earlier fake books that were in common use by professionals; those were often more geared to society and dance bands rather than jazz ensembles, and devoted much space to show tunes, novelty tunes, traditional jazz, etc. The first three Real Book volumes, in contrast, contained many bebop and other jazz standards that were likely to be encountered on jazz gigs at the time. For this reason, the books were quickly adopted among jazz players in the 1970s, particularly on the east coast.

The original Real Book volumes, like earlier fake books, were printed without securing copyright releases or paying royalties, and they were thus illegal. These unlicensed books were all sold through informal connections, e.g. for cash in the backs of music stores, and between musicians. In 2004, the Real Book material was acquired by publisher Hal Leonard and licensed for legal sale. Many new volumes were eventually added to the series, and some of the famous errors in the original volumes were corrected. These books also inspired a similar series, offered by the Sher Music Co., called The New Real Book.

The Real Book is published in editions to suit B♭, E♭, F, and C (concert pitch) instruments, as well as bass clef and voice editions ("low" and "high" voice, with lyrics). Each edition is paginated identically.

History

Compositions by Steve Swallow, Paul Bley, and Chick Corea are heavily represented in The Real Book with jazz standards and classic jazz compositions. Those were the songs that were played most in Boston in the early 1970s when the book was written.[1] When Swallow was asked about the origin in February 2018, he said the book was written by students at Berklee who wanted to make money. They asked permission to use some of his songs, and he agreed. Swallow asked Bley and Steve Kuhn if they wanted some of their songs included, and they did; so they all contributed lead sheets. Swallow helped briefly with editing.[2]

Then I watched these guys finally get the book together. One of them had a beautiful manuscript that subsequently became classic—it's called the Real Book font, and it imitates with uncanny accuracy his hand. He went on to be a big-time music copyist in Hollywood... The irony is that shortly after the book was put out, some other people realized they could photocopy it and sell it themselves, and the two guys who did all the work and put the book together made a lot less money than they had hoped to because there were imitation Real Books out there almost immediately... The Real Book was imperfect; there were wrong changes throughout it, but it was tremendously more accurate than what existed previously. And also, it was a lot more legible; it was easy to read."[2]

Only the first volume is the original. The two following volumes of The Real Book were produced. Volume 2 is printed in characteristically 'rough' handwriting and transcription, while the third volume is typeset on a computer. The transcriptions in The Real Book are unlicensed; no royalties are paid to the musicians whose songs appear in the book. Consequently, the book violates copyright and is therefore illegal. In the past, it was usually sold surreptitiously in local music stores, often hidden behind the counter for customers who asked. PDF editions of the book are often available illegally on P2P networks.

The name is most likely a play on words from the common name for these types of song folios: "fake book". But it could have been influenced by the Boston alternative weekly newspaper, The Real Paper, started by writers of The Phoenix newspaper in Boston after a labor dispute.

A variety of dates have been attributed to the book. The April 1990 issue of Esquire featured The Real Book in the "Man at His Best" column by Mark Roman in an article called "Clef Notes". He stated, "I don't know a jazzman who hasn't owned, borrowed, or Xeroxed pages from a Real Book at least once in his career," and he quoted John F. Voigt, music librarian at Berklee. "The Real Book came out around 1971.[3] The only material available in print then was crap."

Another feature surfaced on April 10, 1994, in The New York Times article "Flying Below the Radar of Copyrights". Guitarist Bill Wurtzel was quoted as saying, "Everyone has one, but no one knows where they come from." The writer of the article, Michael Lydon, said, "I got mine in 1987 from a bassist who lives in Queens and who attended the Berklee School of Music in Boston; many in jazz circles suspect that students there reproduced the first copies of it in the mid-70s."[4]

Pat Metheny claims that while teaching at Berklee College of Music from 1973 to '74, one of his guitar students and one of Gary Burton's vibraphone students (both of whom wish to remain anonymous) invented the idea of assembling the anthology that would form The Real Book. Early editions included several compositions by Metheny as "Untitled Tune" as they had not yet been recorded and released.[1]

Hal Leonard versions

In 2004, music publisher Hal Leonard obtained the rights to most of the tunes contained in the original Real Book and published the first legal edition, calling it the Real Book Sixth Edition in tacit acknowledgment of the five previous illegal versions. The cover and binding are identical to the 'old' Real Book, and the books employ a font similar to the handwritten style of the originals although the new editions are more legible. The other main improvements are that most of the editing mistakes have been corrected and every tune has been licensed and the copyright owners are being paid for the use of their intellectual property.

One hundred and thirty-seven tunes are missing in the 6th edition that were in the 5th, while 90 new tunes have been added.[5]

Hal Leonard released The Real Book, Volume II, Second Edition in answer to the Real Book, Volume II. This was followed by The Real Book, Volume III, Second Edition (July 2006), The Real Book, Volume IV (December 2010), The Real Book, Volume V (June 2013), and The Real Book, Volume VI (June 2016). These books contain much of the same material as their counterparts, and in most cases charts from Hal Leonard books are compatible with the Real Book charts. In some cases, compatibility issues occur where corrections have been made to some of the mistakes in the 5th edition charts; in other cases, 6th edition charts may reference changes on better or more authoritative recordings.

Selected editions
  1. The Real Book 2nd edition, Hal Leonard (publisher) (2004)
    Volume II OCLC 605194191, 60841601
    Volume II, C OCLC 213853072
    Volume III OCLC 795309725, 787732883, 317729978
    Volume III, E♭ OCLC 605194255
  2. The Real Book, 2nd edition, O. Angabe (publisher) (1980) OCLC 314155091
  3. The Real Book, Pacific edition, Real Book Press (1980) OCLC 9593108
  4. The Real Book, 6th edition (2007) OCLC 56846058, 189624769, 750243800

Note: The New Real Book, also in 3 volumes, published by Sher Music Co.,[6] is another legal and readily available modern alternative. The collection of tunes in it differs from the original Real Book. This edition offers some of the same songs, with different transcriptions and notation.

  1. The New Real Book, compiled & edited by Chuck Sher (Charles D. Sher; born 1947) & Sky Evergreen (aka Bob Bauer; né Robert E. Bauer; 1956–1997),[7] Sher Music (publisher) (1988)
    1st Edition, C & vocal version OCLC 311905162
    Volume I
    Volume II
    Volume III ISBN 978-1-883217-03-7

Some other music publishers also apply the term Real Book to their own publications — for example, the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music publishes The AB Real Book. Alfred Publishing Co. has three real books.

See also

References
  1. Metheny, Pat. The Pat Metheny Real Book: C instruments (Artist ed.). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1480350595.
  2. Schroeder, David (Interviewer) (February 14, 2018). Steve Swallow & John Scofield Interviewed by Dr. David Schroeder, NYU Steinhardt Jazz Studies Director (Motion picture). New York City: NYU Steinhardt Jazz Studies.
  3. Man At His Best: Clef Notes, by Mark B. Roman (born 1962), Esquire, April 1990, Vol. 113 ISSN 0194-9535
  4. Pop Music; Flying Below The Radar Of Copyrights, Michael C. Lydon (born 1942), The New York Times, April 10, 1994
  5. "The Real Book Listening Guide · Differences Between the 5th and 6th Editions". archive.org. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  6. Sher Music official website, Chuck Sher (Charles D. Sher; born 1947) (proprietor)
  7. Obituary: Evergreen, Sky "Bob Bauer," 41, San Francisco, CA, San Francisco Chronicle, June 19, 1997
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