Ramadanid Emirate

The Ramadanid Emirate (Modern Turkish: Ramazanoğulları Beyliği) were an autonomous administration and a de facto independent emirate that existed from 1352 to 1608 in Cilicia, taking over the rule of the region from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The emirate were a protectorate of Mamluk Sultanate up until the end of 14th century, then they were de facto independent for more than a century, and then from 1517, were a protectorate of Ottoman Empire .[1] Capital of the Principality was Adana.

Ramadanid Emirate

1352–1608
Flag
de facto independent Ramadanids in 1481
StatusProtectorate of the Mamluk Sultanate (1352-c.1397)
De facto independent (c. 1397–1517)
Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire (1517-1608)
CapitalAdana
Common languagesTurkish, Armenian, Arabic, Syriac
Religion
Bektashi, Christianity (Armenian Apostolic Church, Syriac Christianity)
GovernmentEmirate
Bey 
• 1352
Ramazan Bey
• 1608
Pir Mansur Bey
Historical eraEarly Modern
• Established
1352
• Disestablished
1608
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Ottoman Empire

Ramadanids were the only emirate in Anatolia that were not a successor of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. They are often misclassified as an Anatolian beylik, though they were an entity under Mamluks. Cilicia were part of the Seljuqs for a short time around the turn of the 11th century, thus were not effected from Sunni tariqa expansionism of the 13th century. Yüreğir Turks moved to Cilicia in the late 14th century, and had a distinct culture that influenced from Bektashi traditions which accompanied Shamanic rituals with Islam.

History

Mongol invasion of Asia forced Oghuz Turks to migrate into Anatolia and Levant in great numbers. A Turkish tribe, who are from Yüreğir in Transoxiana, settled in the northern regions of Mamluk Sultanate, from Antioch to Gaza with the approval of the Sultan. They were known in the Middle East as Türkmens or Yüreğirli (en:from Yüreğir)

During Ramadanid era, Cilicia was a buffer state between two Islamic powers.
Ramazanoğlu Hall

The Ilkhanate lost cohesion after the death of Abu Sa'id, thus could not support Armenian Kingdom in guarding Cilicia. In addition, internal conflicts within Armenian Kingdom made Türkmens to turn their eyes to unstable Cilicia, and in 1352, Ramazan Beg led Turkmens settled south of Çaldağı and founded their first settlement, Camili. Later that year, Ramazan Beg visited Cairo and was assented by the Sultan to establish the new frontier Turkmen Emirate in Cilicia.[2] Yüreğir Türkmens lived as a small community for 7 years in southeast of Adana, and named their new land, Yüreğir. In 1359, Mamluk Sultanate Army marched into Cilicia and took over Adana and Tarsus, two major cities of the plain, leaving few castles to Armenians.In 1375, Mamluks gained the control of the remaining areas of Cilicia, thus ending the three centuries rule of Armenians. Mamluk Sultanate authorized Ramazan Beg led Türkmen Emirate to administer Cilicia, but took direct control of the towns, Tarsus, Ayas, Sarvandikar, Sis at the four corners of Cilicia plain and appointed an Amir and a Garrison for each. Tarsus, the former capital of Cilicia, were settled by the moors that arrived from Egypt. Türkmen Emirate which began to be known as Ramadanids, set the city of Adana as their center of power, and many Türkmen families of Yüreğir origin moved to the city.

Ramazanoğlu Madrasah
Hasan Ağa mosque

After the death of Ramazan Bey, his son Ibrahim Bey made alliance with the Karaman Emirate. Alaeddin Bey and Ibrahim Bey together tried to break the Mameluks' might in the province. After this alliance a great Mameluk army moved in and began to plunder but Ibrahim Bey's army achieved a great victory against the Mameluks in Belen. Also in this battle Temur Bey, the general of the Mameluks, had been captured. Yilboga, the amir of Aleppo moved on to the Turkmens after this defeat and he conquered Misis Castle.

The Ramadanids played an important role in 15th century Ottoman-Mamluk relations, being a buffer state located in the Mamluk al-'Awasim frontier zone.

In 1516, Selim I incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after his conquest of the Mamluk state. The beys of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman sanjak of Adana in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the last 92 years as a vassal of the Ottomans.

Architecture

Ramazanoğlu Hall, which is used currently as a cultural center, was the state residence of the Principality. Administration hall of the Principality does not exist today.

Rulers of Ramadanids
  1. Ramazan Bey (1352-1378)[3]
  2. İbrâhim Bey (1378-1383)
  3. Şihâbeddîn Ahmed Bey (1383-1416)
  4. İbrâhim II Bey (1416-1418)
  5. İzzeddîn Hamza Bey (1418-1426)
  6. Mehmet Bey (1426-1435)
  7. Eylûk Bey (1435-1439)
  8. Dündar Bey (1439-1470)
  9. Ömer Bey (1470-1485)
  10. Gıyâseddîn Halil Bey (1485-1510)
  11. Mahmûd Bey (I. 1510-1514- II. 1516-1517)
  12. Selim Bey (1514-1516)
  13. Kubad Paşa (1517-1520)
  14. Pîrî Mehmed Paşa (1520-1568)
  15. Derviş Bey (1568-1569)
  16. İbrahim III Bey (1569-1589)
  17. Mehmed II Bey (1589-1594)
  18. Pir Mansur Bey (1594-1608)

References
  1. . Adanadan.biz http://adanadan.biz/icerik.asp?ICID=34. Retrieved 24 February 2020. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. Har-El, Shai (1995). Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485-91. Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-9004101807.
  3. Yeni Rehber Ansiklopedisi, Türkiye Gazetesi, 1993 (in Turkish)
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