Protein losing enteropathy

Protein losing enteropathy refers to any condition of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. damage to the gut wall) that results in a net loss of protein from the body.[3]

Protein losing enteropathy
Parotid glandSubmandibular glandSublingual glandTongueEsophagusPancreasStomachPancreatic ductIleumAnusRectumCecumDescending colonAscending colonTransverse colonBile ductDuodenumGallbladderLiver
Upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract
Protein losing enteropathy affects the GI tract[1]
SpecialtyGastroenterology 
SymptomsSwelling of the legs[2]
CausesInflammatory bowel disease, Idiopathic ulcerative jejunoileitis[1]
Diagnostic methodScintigraphy, Viral serologies[1]
TreatmentOctreotide, Surgery[1]

Signs and symptoms

The signs/symptoms of protein losing enteropathy are consistent with diarrhea, fever, and general abdominal discomfort.[3] Swelling of the legs due to peripheral edema can also occur, however, if the PLE is related to a systemic disease such as congestive heart failure or constrictive pericarditis, then the symptoms could be of the primary disease development.[2]

Causes

The causes of protein-losing enteropathy can include GI conditions (among other causes), like the following:[1]

Mechanism
Proteoglycan

The pathophysiology of protein losing enteropathy is a result of plasma proteins loss, which enters GI tract (lumen).[2] PLE is a complication of a disorder, be it lymphatic obstruction or mucosal injury.[4]

In pediatric protein losing enteropathy there are several changes in epithelial cells causing PLE by augmenting the rate of flow of proteins (serum). Congenital molecular abnormalities, or dysfunctional lymphatic drainage might cause epithelial matrix changes. Proteoglycans, which are glycosaminoglycan chains attached to protein, directly causes PLE, as well as, augments inflammatory cytokines. Children who have congenital glycosylation defects usually have protein losing enteropathy.[5][6]


Diagnosis

The diagnosis of protein losing enteropathy is made by excluding other causes of protein loss. Endoscopy can be used to localize the cause of the protein loss in the bowel. Different methods include faecal excretion of alpha 1-antitrypsin which is a marker of protein losing enteropathy, as well as, viral serologies which may be useful to detect PLE.[1]

Treatment

Treatment for protein losing enteropathy depends upon the underlying condition, according to Rychik, et al this could mean treatment of hypoproteinemia or of the intestinal mucosa.[7]

In terms of treatment for PLE after the Fontan operation treatment must be equal to the level of hypoproteinemia present. Therefore, it is useful to categorize patients based on their serum albumin levels, if less than normal (typically less than 3.5 g/dL) but greater than 2.5 g/dL, this can be seen as a mild form of protein losing enteropathy. Symptomatic management of edema with furosemide (and aldactone) can provide relief for the individual with mild hypoproteinemia.[8][9]

In animals

Dogs can also suffer from PLE. Because the proteins are lossed from the intestine, these dogs have low levels of albumin in the blood. Chronic enteropathy is one of the possible reasons for PLE and it has been shown in a study that hypoalbuminaemia is a risk factor for negative outcome and the prognosis is guarded for these dogs. [10] Gastrointestinal lymphoma and intestinal lymphangiectasia are other diseases that can cause protein losing enteropathy in dogs [11]The Breed Lundehunds seem to be predisposed for PLE.[12]

References
  1. "Protein-losing Enteropathy. PLE information. What is PLE? | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
  2. "Protein-Losing Enteropathy: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". 2018-11-20. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. "Protein-losing enteropathy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
  4. Wyllie, Robert; Hyams, Jeffrey S.; Kay, Marsha (2015-08-03). Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 389. ISBN 9780323240994.
  5. Iozzo, Renato V.; Schaefer, Liliana (2015-03-01). "Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans". Matrix Biology. 42: 11–55. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003. PMC 4859157. PMID 25701227. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
  6. "Pediatric Protein-Losing Enteropathy: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2017-12-06. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. Rychik, Jack; Spray, Thomas L. (2002-01-01). "Strategies to treat protein-losing enteropathy". Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual. 5 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1053/pcsu.2002.31498. PMID 11994860. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
  8. Rychik, Jack (2007-09-01). "Protein-Losing Enteropathy after Fontan Operation". Congenital Heart Disease. 2 (5): 288–300. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0803.2007.00116.x. ISSN 1747-0803. PMID 18377444.
  9. Topol, Eric J.; Califf, Robert M. (2007-01-01). Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 519. ISBN 9780781770125.
  10. Allenspach, K.; Wieland, B.; Gröne, A.; Gaschen, F. (2007). "Chronic Enteropathies in Dogs: Evaluation of Risk Factors for Negative Outcome". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 21 (4): 700–708. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03011.x.
  11. Nakashima, K.; Hiyoshi, S.; Ohno, K.; Uchida, K.; Goto-Koshino, Y.; Maeda, S.; Mizutani, N.; Takeuchi, A.; Tsujimoto, H. (2015). "Prognostic factors in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy". The Veterinary Journal. 205 (1): 28–32. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.001.
  12. FlesjÅ, Kjell; Yri, Torstein (1977). "Protein-losing enteropathy in the Lundehund". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 18 (1): 11–23. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05819.x. ISSN 1748-5827.

Further reading
Classification
External resources
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