Professional sports leagues in the United States

Major League Baseball is the highest level of play of baseball in North America. It consists of the National League (founded in 1876) and the American League (founded in 1901). Cooperation between the two leagues began in 1903, and the two merged on an organizational level in 2000 with the elimination of separate league offices; they have shared a single Commissioner since 1920. There are currently 30 member teams, with 29 located in the U.S. and 1 in Canada. Traditionally called the "National Pastime", baseball was the first professional sport in the U.S.

The National Basketball Association is the premier basketball league in the world. It was founded as the Basketball Association of America in 1946, and adopted its current name in 1949, when the BAA partially absorbed the rival National Basketball League. Four teams from the rival American Basketball Association joined the NBA with the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. It has 30 teams, 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. The NBA is watched by audiences both domestically and internationally.

The National Football League was founded in 1920 as a combination of various teams from regional leagues such as the Ohio League, the New York Pro Football League, and the Chicago circuit. The NFL partially absorbed the All-America Football Conference in 1949 and merged with the American Football League in 1970. It has 32 teams, all located in the United States.

NFL games are the most attended of domestic professional leagues in the world in terms of per-game attendance, and the most popular in the U.S. in terms of television ratings and merchandising.[1] Its championship game, the Super Bowl, is the most watched annual event on U.S. television, with Super Bowl XLIX being the single most-watched program in U.S. television history.[2]

The NFL is the only one of the major American leagues not to have a presence in Canada, where the Canadian Football League is the premier professional league in the sport.

The National Hockey League is the only one of the major leagues to have been founded in Canada. It was formed in 1917 as a successor to the Canadian National Hockey Association (founded 1909), taking all but one of the NHA's teams. The NHL partially absorbed the rival World Hockey Association in 1979. There are 31 teams, with 24 in the U.S. and 7 in Canada, with the Vegas Golden Knights beginning play in Las Vegas for the 2017–18 season. The league will grow to 32 in 2021 with the addition of a team in Seattle.

The most popular sports league in Canada, and widely followed across the northern U.S., the NHL has expanded southward in recent decades to attempt to gain a more national following in the United States, in cities such as Dallas, Miami, Nashville, Phoenix, Raleigh, and Tampa, with varying success. Hockey remains much more popular in the northern states of the U.S. closer to Canada, such as the Upper Midwest (8 NHL teams), New England and the New York to Washington area (5 NHL teams), than in the rest of the United States. The NHL has more Canadian teams (seven) than MLB, the NBA, the NFL, and Major League Soccer combined (five).

Major League Soccer (MLS) is the top-level men's professional soccer league in the United States and Canada. MLS has 26 teams as of the current 2020 season — 23 in the United States and 3 in Canada. The league plans to expand to 30 teams by 2022. The league began play in 1996, its creation a requirement by FIFA for awarding the United States the right to host the 1994 World Cup. MLS is the first Division I outdoor soccer league in the U.S. or Canada since the North American Soccer League operated from 1968 to 1984. MLS has increased in popularity following the adoption of the Designated Player rule in 2007, which allowed MLS to sign stars such as David Beckham and Thierry Henry. In 2014, MLS reported an average attendance of 19,148 per game, with total attendance exceeding 6.1 million overall, both breaking previous MLS attendance records.[3] With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game, MLS has the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB),[4] and is the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide.[5]

Nate Silver of the ESPN-owned website FiveThirtyEight has argued that there is a case to be made for the inclusion of Major League Soccer in the major professional sports leagues of North America.[6]

The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a men's professional box lacrosse league in North America. It currently has 13 teams: 8 in the United States and 5 in Canada. The NLL plays its games in the winter and spring. The league's American teams have historically been concentrated in the northeastern United States, and two of the league's longest-established and most commercially successful teams, the Buffalo Bandits and Rochester Knighthawks, still reside there. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the National Lacrosse League Cup. The NLL has averaged between 9,400 and 10,700 spectators per game each year since 2004.[16][17]

Major League Lacrosse (MLL) is a men's field lacrosse league consisting of 6 teams in the United States. Founded in 1999, the league's inaugural season was in 2001. MLL averaged 3,844 spectators per game during the 2017 season.[13] MLL is a semi-professional league. MLL players reportedly earn annual salaries in the $10,000–$25,000 range; players and staff generally hold other jobs.[18][19][20][21]

The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) is the top competition in women's basketball. Currently the WNBA is one of two fully professional women's sports leagues operating in North America. Founded in 1996 and beginning play in the 1997 season, it is the longest-running American professional women's sport league in history.

The league's attendance started with about 10,000 per game in the 1990s, steadied in the 7,000 to 8,000 range in most of the 2010s, before dropping under 7,000 since 2018.[11] As WNBA attendance has fallen, both the Atlanta Dream and Washington Mystics have moved from arenas seating over 18,000 to ones with less than 5,000; the New York Liberty made a similar move, but will return to an NBA arena in 2020 after being purchased by an NBA team owner.[22] Total attendance was 1,598,160 in 2010.[23] In 2007, the league signed a television deal with ESPN that ran from 2009 to 2016. This deal is the first to ever pay rights fees to women's teams. In 2009, it had a total television viewership of 413,000 in combined cable and broadcast television.[24]

The National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) is a professional women's soccer league run by the United States Soccer Federation. At the top of the United States league system, it is the country's primary competition for women's soccer. The NWSL was established in 2012 as a successor to Women's Professional Soccer (2007–2012). The league began play in 2013 with eight teams; four of which were former members of Women's Professional Soccer.[25][26][27] With the addition of two expansion teams in Houston and Orlando since the league's founding, it reached a peak of 10 teams based throughout the United States.[28] Following the 2017 season, the league dropped to 9 teams following the demise of two charter members, one of which was replaced by a new franchise.[29]

Major League Rugby is the highest level of professional rugby in the United States. The competition is supported and sanctioned by USA Rugby. The first season of Major League Rugby began in May 2018 with seven teams ranging from the Pacific Northwest to the Southwest. The top four teams make the playoffs for a spot in the final, the winner receives the American Championship Shield. In 2020, the league expanded to twelve clubs, with Los Angeles and Dallas slated to join in 2021 season.

In 2015, the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) was launched as the first professional women's hockey league in North America. Previous women's hockey leagues, such as the high-level Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL), were non-paid and teams operated with primarily local players. Many teams, such as the Minnesota Whitecaps, operated independently to give women a place to keep playing after their college careers. The NWHL had four teams in its inaugural season that competed for the Isobel Cup.[30] It has since also added the Whitecaps before the 2018–19 season.

The CWHL was primarily based out of Canada from 2007 to 2019, but also has had a team in the United States and up to two teams in China. The CWHL teams competed for the Clarkson Cup, a trophy that was previously awarded to the best women's hockey team regardless of league before it became the de facto CHWL championship in 2011. The CWHL began paying its players a stipend in 2017 to compete with the NWHL, based largely off its expansion into China.[31] The CWHL ceased operations in 2019 citing that the two leagues could not coexist, splitting the potential sponsorship revenue, and still be financially feasible.[32]

Following the demise of the CWHL, players from both leagues were dissatisfied in the operation of both the NWHL and CWHL in that neither league provided health insurance or a livable salary. Due to these conditions, over 200 players released a joint statement announcing their intent to not participate in any North American professional league for the 2019–20 season.[33] The players formed a worker's union called the Professional Women's Hockey Player Association (PWHPA) to further push for their stated goals of a league that provides financial and infrastructure resources to players, health insurance, and support to training programs for young female players.[34] Members of the PWHPA hold tournaments in various locations in support of their cause for a creating a fully professional women's league.

Minor League Baseball is a hierarchy of professional baseball leagues in the United States that compete at levels below Major League Baseball (MLB) and provide opportunities for player development and a way to prepare for the major leagues. All of the minor leagues are operated as independent businesses. Most are members of the umbrella organization known as Minor League Baseball (MiLB), which operates under the Commissioner of Baseball within the scope of organized baseball, a seven-tier league hierarchy (eight when Major League Baseball is included as the top tier) that classifies leagues by level of development. The highest level of minor league baseball, Triple-A, features high level major league prospects almost ready to join the majors playing in large cities without MLB franchises, while each successively lower class (Double-A, A-Advanced, Class A, Short Season A, Rookie-Advanced and Rookie)[40] features players with correspondingly less experience and, generally, playing in smaller markets. Additionally, several independent baseball leagues, which do not have any official links to Major League Baseball, also operate, with varying quality of competition, some in suburban communities too close to affiliated baseball teams to avoid territorial exclusivity.

The USL Championship is a professional men's soccer league in the United States and Canada that began its inaugural season in 2011. The USL Championship is sanctioned as a Division II Professional League by the United States Soccer Federation (U.S. Soccer). The league is owned and operated by United Soccer League (USL; formerly United Soccer Leagues) and was formed as result of the organization's merger of the old USL First and Second Divisions. The merger is meant to consolidate USL's position within the American professional soccer landscape and focus on stability, commercial growth and the professional development of soccer in four main regions throughout the United States and Canada.[41] In January 2013, USL and MLS reached an agreement to integrate USL Pro league competition with the MLS Reserve League, primarily to improve player development in North America, strengthen league competition and build ties between divisions in the American soccer pyramid. This multi-year deal encourages MLS and USL Pro team affiliations and player loans, and it will lead to more games for teams and developing players.[42][43]

The USL Championship (USLC), rebranded from "United Soccer League" after the 2018 season, is scheduled to have 35 teams in the upcoming 2020 season. The league peaked at 36 teams in 2019, but two teams folded entirely, and a third was replaced by a new MLS team in the same city. One of the folded teams sold its USLC franchise rights to a preexisting club in Miami, which thus joined the USLC, and a new team in San Diego joined for 2020. Two teams are scheduled to start play in 2021 and one in 2022. The USL corporation launched a new third-division league, known as USL League One, for the 2019 season.[44] That league began play with 10 teams and will have 12 in its 2020 season.

The North American Soccer League (NASL) was a professional men's soccer league that last played in 2017.[45] At the time, it planned to play with six teams—five on the U.S. mainland and one in Puerto Rico. From its first season in 2011 through 2017, it had been sanctioned by U.S. Soccer as a Division II league, sharing this status with USL in the 2017 season,[46] but due to increasing instability in the league, including several teams either folding or moving to the USL, U.S. Soccer denied the NASL Division II status for 2018.[47] The league is headquartered in New York City.

The modern NASL began play in 2011 with eight teams.[48] Through the 2017 season, the NASL used a split-season schedule running from April to early November, with a four-week break in July. The spring and fall champions, along with the two teams with the best combined spring/fall records, met in a four-team single elimination tournament known as The Championship.[49] The winner of the final claimed the Soccer Bowl at the end of the season. While there is no promotion and relegation with other leagues, Commissioner Bill Peterson stated repeatedly that the league had an interest in introducing it to the pyramid.[50] After financial trouble in the 2016 season, the league was forced to reduce the number of teams from 12 teams to 8 teams, along with receiving shared Division II status for 2017.[51] After that season, the NASL saw two teams fold, including the league's champion, and two more teams move to the USL, leading U.S. Soccer to deny the NASL Division II sanctioning. While litigation surrounding the U.S. Soccer action was ongoing, the NASL announced that it would switch to a fall-to-spring schedule spanning two calendar years, meaning that the league's next season would have begun in August 2018.[52] However, it decided not to play in 2018 at all after a federal court denied an injunction that would have restored its Division II status. In the meantime, of the six teams that had planned to play in that year, three moved to the lower-level National Premier Soccer League for the 2018 season, another tried unsuccessfully to join the USL, and the Puerto Rican team faced an uncertain future due to stadium damage from Hurricane Maria and subsequent economic upheaval.[45]

The American Hockey League (AHL) is a 31-team professional ice hockey league based in the United States and Canada that serves as the primary developmental league for the National Hockey League (NHL).[53] Since the 2010–11 season, every team in the league has an affiliation agreement with an NHL team. Twenty-seven AHL teams are located in the United States and the remaining four are in Canada. The annual playoff champion is awarded the Calder Cup, named for Frank Calder, the first president (1917–1943) of the NHL. The league's players are represented by the Professional Hockey Players' Association (PHPA).

The ECHL is a mid-level professional ice hockey league with teams across the United States and two franchises in Canada. It is a tier below the AHL. Like the AHL, the league's players are represented by the PHPA. All but six NHL teams have affiliations with an ECHL team[54] with Anaheim, Columbus, Florida, Los Angeles, Montreal, and San Jose having no official affiliations as of 2019. However, these teams do sometimes lend contracted players to ECHL teams for development and increased playing time. The league's regular season begins in October and ends in April.

The AHL and the ECHL are the only minor leagues recognized by the collective bargaining agreement between the NHL and the National Hockey League Players' Association, meaning any player signed to an entry-level NHL contract and designated for assignment must report to a club in either the ECHL or the AHL.[55]

Additionally, lower-level professional leagues include the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL), Federal Prospects Hockey League (FPHL), and Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH). These leagues operate largely independently, though some SPHL teams are used as affiliates by ECHL teams.

The NBA G League, formerly the NBA Development League (D-League), is the National Basketball Association's official minor league basketball organization. The D-League started with eight teams in the fall of 2001. In March 2005, NBA commissioner David Stern announced a plan to expand the D-League to 15 teams and develop it into a true minor league farm system, with each D-League team affiliated with one or more NBA teams. At the conclusion of the 2013–14 NBA season, 33% of NBA players had spent time in the D-League, up from 23% in 2011. The league has 28 teams in its current 2019–20 season, with a Mexico City team set to join the league in 2020–21. All G League teams are either owned by an NBA franchise or affiliated with a single NBA team; the last "independent" team, the Fort Wayne Mad Ants, was acquired by the Indiana Pacers in September 2015.

In contrast with the other major sports, the National Football League does not maintain an official minor league system. The only league to have served as a minor league to the entire NFL was the NFL Europe League; NFL Europe teams were not assigned an individual NFL squad for an affiliation, but instead received prospects from all of the NFL's teams, who played in Europe during the offseason, then returned stateside in time for training camp. Individual NFL teams over the course of their history signed affiliation deals with the American Association in the 1930s, the Association of Professional Football Leagues in the 1940s, and the Atlantic Coast Football League in the 1960s. In addition to these leagues, NFL owners also operated franchises in the Arena Football League in the 2000s (decade); this arrangement differed in that the AFL teams were not directly used for player development. Arena football had its own minor league, arenafootball2, for most of the same decade.

The most recent independent minor professional football league to play outdoors was the Alliance of American Football, which both began play and folded in 2019, failing to complete its only season.

A number of leagues have been de facto minor leagues without explicitly identifying as minor leagues themselves. The XFL, which shared the name and some ownership with a previous XFL that played one season in 2001, began play in 2020, one week after the Super Bowl. It declared bankruptcy and folded after the coronavirus pandemic forced the league to prematurely end its inaugural season.

Indoor American football leagues outside the auspices of the Arena Football League have historically played at a level somewhere on the margins between minor-professional and semi-professional. Some surviving indoor leagues include the American Arena League, Champions Indoor Football, Indoor Football League, and National Arena League. Indoor leagues are notorious for their instability, with teams often folding midway through their seasons, teams jumping between leagues, and leagues often failing to launch or folding abruptly.

• Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP)
• Volleyball League of America (VLA)
• National Volleyball Association (NVA)
• Athletes Unlimited Volleyball (AUV)