Premiership of Nikol Pashinyan

Main article: 2018 Armenian revolution

Pashinyan arrived to power as the main leader of the 2018 waves of mass protests in Armenia. The mouvement started in late March 2018 in order to dissuate outgoing president Serj Sargsyan from wanting to become Prime Minister. After Sargsyan was nominated by the Republican Party of Armenia to be their candidate for Prime Minister, the protests expanded to the whole country, and even in some cities where there is an Armenian Diaspora presence.[3]

After getting elected, Pashinyan promised to make swift changes to the country's economy and to crackdown on corruption.

Main article: First Pashinyan government

Pashinyan's party, Way Out Alliance, made a deal with the two other opposition parties in parliement, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation(ARF) and the Prosperous Armenia party, in order to have a minority coalition government. The first post-revolution cabinet was formed on May 12, 2018, and consisted of 17 ministries, 2 of which are administered by the ARF and 4 by Prosperous Armenia. Pashinyan also appointed a new police commissionner, National Security Service director, and head investigator for the State Inspection Service.[4]

Situation on the Gyunnyut-Areni section of the Armenia-Nakhichevan border after the May 2018 clashes.

Pashinyan was soon criticized for letting Azerbaijan make territorial gains on the Armenia-Nakhichevan border during the first weeks of his premiership. Despite not losing any ground to Azerbaijani troops, the Armenian units in the area have to deal with an ennemy that is significantly closer to their positions and now has a view on the nearby village of Areni.[5] After meeting during a CIS summit in Dushanbe, Pashinyan and Ilham Aliyev agreed to calm the situation on the border.[6]

In July, the government started an anti-corruption crackdown against former officials and politicians. These include retired general Manvel Grigoryan,[7] CSTO Secretary-General Yuri Khatchaturov,[8] and former President Robert Kocharyan.[9] While Grigoryan's and Kocharyan's arrests were seen as signs of the new government's will to fight against corruption, accusations against Khatchaturov were seen as a foreign policy failure, because of his important position in the military alliance.[10]

Pashinyan, along with President Armen Sarkissian, attented the funeral of world-renowned French singer Charles Aznavour.[11] Armenia was the host of the 17th Francophonie Summit that was held in Yerevan on October 11-12. During the summit, he gave several speeches in French.[12]

After its two coalition partners, the ARF and Prosperous Armenia, supported a bill which will make it harder for the Prime Minister to call snap elections to the National Assembly, Pashinyan fired all six of their ministers in a cabinet reshuffle. Two weeks later, he resigned from his post, became acting Prime Minister, and demanded to the people on his Facebook page to block the gates of the National Assembly, so that its members can't come and vote for another candidate. This forced the electoral commission to call new parliementary elections.[13]

The 2018 Armenian parliamentary election took place on December 9, 2018, with 11 parties running for seats in the National Assembly. Pashinyan's party, My Step Alliance, garnised a majority of the vote, with 88 out of 132 seats. Prosperous Armenia won 26 seats, and Bright Armenia, led by Pashinyan's former ally Edmon Marukyan, won 18 seats.[14] There was no large incident during the election, although they were reports of intimidation and collusion in favor of the My Step Alliance.[15]

Main article: Second Pashinyan government

After its election victory, Pashinyan formed a new government on January 14 consisting exclusively of members of his party and independent officials. He started talking about reducing the size of his cabinet. As a result of this restructure, 5 ministries were to be disbanded and combined with other ones in order to simplify government bureaucracy. The final model was proposed on the 1st of February[16] and was approved by the parliament on the 8th of March.[17]

Armenia had its first case of COVID-19 on March 1, 2020.[18] Pashinyan initially downplayed the disease and said that there was no need for a nationwide confinement. As Armenia's numbers began to have more and more cases, the Government declared a state of emergency on March 16 lasting until April 14, to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. Schools were ordered to close, gatherings with over 20 people were banned, and the 2020 Armenian constitutional referendum, one of Pashinyan's main objectives after the 2019 election, was postponed. [19] The state of emergency was later extended until the 4th of May.

On May 4, the national stay-at-home order was partially lifted and non-essential businesses were allowed to reopen, provided that the businesses require customers wear masks and limit the number of customers inside stores and restaurants.[20] Because a large number of people didn't respect the social distancing rules, Armenia saw an explosion of coronavirus cases and on May 14, the Government reinstated the state of emergency and called everyone to respect the rules.[21] Even after this call, some people dismissed the government's orders. On June 1, Pashinyan said via Facebook that he has contrated the virus, along with the rest of his family,[22] although a few days later he said that he no longer has it, suggesting that it might have been made up. He ordered the police to fine anyone that is not respecting the rules set by the government and called for people to send him pictures of rule breakers in order to post it on his Facebook page.[23]

Gagik Tsarukyan's (left) party became the main parliamentary opposition to the new authorities. He would be arrested just days after describing the government's response to the pandemic as 'inefficient'.

Pashinyan's handeling of the pandemic was harshely criticized by opposition parties, including its former coalition partners, the ARF and Prosperous Armenia. After opposition leader and millionaire Gagik Tsarukyan said that the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic was inadequate, National Security Service investigators raided his house in what was seen as a crackdown on the opposition.[24]

On June 23, the My Step faction of the parliament unanimously voted to approve the amendments that will require the head of the constitutional court, Hrayr Tovmasyan, to step down. The law was signed by the President the same evening. Opposition parties declared the legislation unconstitutional because the National Assembly does not have the power to change the constitution; It has to be done thought a referendum.[25]

Initially part of a party who garnised less than 10% of the votes during the 2017 Armenian parliamentary election, Pashinyan enjoyed near-total support following the velvet revolution. An opinion poll from early May indicated that 98% of respondents had a positive view of the movement that brought him to power.[26] According to the same poll, his party would win a super-majority if parliamentary elections were held then, with some 75% of respondents saying they would vote for Way Out.[27]

The first real test of the popularity of Pashiyan was during the 2018 Yerevan City Council election, where the newly formed My Step Alliance candidate, former actor and comedian Hayk Marutyan, got more than 81% of the vote and won 57 out of 65 seats in the city council.[28] Marutyan was endorsed by Pashinyan, who made multiple appearances during the electoral campaign.[29]

The 2018 Armenian parliamentary election was a turning point for Pashinyan. His party got more than 70% of the vote and won 88 out of 132 seats in the National Assembly. Both the Republican Party of Armenia and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation became extra-parliamentary parties, while Gagik Tsarukyan's Prosperous Armenia lost 5 seats and became the main parliamentary opposition party. The third party in parliament, Bright Armenia, is led by Pashinyan's former ally, Edmon Marukyan.[14]

A year after Pashinyan took office, an International Republican Institute poll shows that the level of support towards the new leader is declining. While in October 2018, the amount of support towards the change of government was viewed positively by 82% of respondents, in May 2019 it got down to 69%.[30] A Gallup (company) poll in December 2019 showed that the approval rating of Pashinyan party got down at 61%,[31] while another poll made by a local outlet showed 45%.[32]

The Armenian Government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic may drop Pashinyan's approval rating even further, although no polls were conducted because of the pandemic.