Portal axle

Simple portal gearbox from a WW2 Volkswagen Type 82 Kübelwagen

Compared to normal layout, portal axles enable the vehicle to gain a higher ground clearance, as both the axle tube and differential casing are tucked up higher under the vehicle.

Due to the gear reduction at the wheel which lessens the torque on all the other drivetrain components, the size of the differential casing can be reduced to gain even more ground clearance. Additionally, all drivetrain elements, in particular the transfer gearbox and driveshafts, can be built lighter. This can be of use in lowering the center of gravity for a given ground clearance. Where a vehicle also requires a reduced top speed, in at least one gear, the gear ratio can be chosen to reduce this. The military Kübelwagen of WWII used a ratio of 1.4:1 to provide a 2.5 mph walking speed in first gear,[4] as well as a useful lift of 50 mm.

As they require a heavier and more complex hub assembly, however, these systems can result in an increased unsprung weight and require robust axle-control elements to give predictable handling. In addition, at higher speeds the hub assembly can overheat.[5]

1930 Farmall tractor with rear portal axle

They are also used in railways and low floor buses[6][7] although, in the case of buses, the device is engineered in the opposite way to those fitted to off-road vehicles - the axle is below the center of the wheel. Thus, the inverted portal axle allows the floor of the bus to be lowered, easing access to the bus and increasing the available cabin height.

A Land Rover Defender fitted with bolt-on portals

Bolt-on Portals (or drop boxes) are a housing with a set of gears which bolts onto the final flange of the axle tube. This approach allows existing vehicles to be converted to portals without modifying the axles (Volvo C303 or Unimog 404).

Vehicles fitted with portal axles include:

• AM General HMMWV [8] and Hummer H1
• International FTTS[9]
• Land Rover Defender 130CC-R(hino)[10]
• Mercedes-Benz G500 4×4² and G63 AMG 6x6 6x6 truck.[11]
• Mercedes-Benz Unimog[12]
• Porsche 597
• Praga V3S (1952-1989) - 3 ton all-terrain truck (6x6)
• Steyr Puch Haflinger
• Steyr-Daimler-Puch Pinzgauer[13]
• Tatra T 805 small truck
• Tatra T 810 medium truck
• Toyota Mega Cruiser (Civilian model and JGSDF's High Mobility Vehicle)
• Volkswagen Type 2 (first generation) Transporter | Kombi | Microbus
• Volkswagen Type 82 Kübelwagen[4]
• Volkswagen Type 166 Schwimmwagen
• Volvo C303
• LuAZ/ZAZ 969

Alvis Stalwart

A related development is the use of an epicyclic hub gearbox. This is mounted in-line with the halfshaft, so that there is no change in ride height. They are often used for large and heavy vehicles, where the wheel diameter already gives adequate ground clearance. The reduction gearbox allows the halfshafts to turn faster than the wheels, thus requiring less torque for the same power. This permits a smaller and lighter halfshaft and internal drivetrain.

Hub gearboxes were an iconic feature of the Alvis FV600 chassis vehicles, such as the Stalwart and Saracen. The FV600 used a version of the DAF H-drive, with a single differential between sides and all wheels on each side linked by an internal driveshaft and bevel gearboxes to the halfshafts. This has no differential axle between wheel stations on each side and so 'wind-up' was a regular problem for these vehicles when driven on roads. If individual wheels were out of phase with their neighbours, possibly caused by cornering or slightly varying tyre diameter, this could place a considerable force on the gearbox, leading to breakages. For this reason, it was regular practice when driving on tarmac to bump the vehicle over a kerb or other object at times, to allow this wind-up to be released. On slippery surfaces like sand or mud there is enough slippage between the tyres & ground to dissipate the tension.

They are now found on many large quarrying dump trucks and heavy plant.

Today, Portal Gear Lifts are manufactured for use in UTVs. SuperATV is the main manufacturer of these products.

• Dropped axle