Point shaving
In organized sports, point shaving is a type of match fixing where the perpetrators try to prevent a team from covering a published point spread. Unlike other forms of sports betting, spread betting invariably motivates point shaving. A point shaving scheme generally involves a sports gambler and one or more players of the team favored to win the game. In exchange for a bribe, the player or players agree to ensure that their team will not "cover the point spread" (the bribed player's team may still win but not by as big a margin as that predicted by bookmakers). The gambler then wagers against the bribed team. Alternatively, an official (referee) of the game may be bribed, or even bet on his own behalf, so that one or more "close calls" will be called in favor of the "underdog" rather than the team favored to win.
General use in sports
Basketball
Basketball is a particularly easy medium for shaving points because of the scoring tempo of the game and the ease by which one player can influence key events. By deliberately missing shots or committing turnovers or fouls, a corrupt player can covertly ensure that his team fails to cover the point spread without causing them to lose the game. Although the NCAA has adopted a zero tolerance policy with respect to gambling activity by its players, some critics believe it unwittingly encourages point shaving due to its strict rules regarding amateurism, combined with the large amount of money wagered on its games. The NCAA has produced posters warning players not to engage in point shaving.
Famous examples of point shaving are the CCNY Point Shaving Scandal in 1950–51, the Dixie Classic scandal of 1961, the Boston College basketball point shaving scandal of 1978–79, which was perpetrated by gangsters Henry Hill and Jimmy Burke, and the Tulane men's basketball point shaving scandal of 1984–85, which led to the university disbanding its program for four seasons.
On 15 August 2007, an NBA referee, Tim Donaghy, pleaded guilty to two felonies related to wagering on games that he officiated. To avoid being perceived as biased, he changed calls so that both teams would score more than generally predicted.
References in popular culture
In the television series The Sopranos, the character Carmine Lupertazzi, Sr. was reputed to have invented the concept of point shaving in 1951.
Points-shaving is an underlying plot thread in the 1974 film The Longest Yard (1974 film) and the 2005 remake The Longest Yard (2005 film). In both films, the character Paul "Wrecking" Crewe, a former professional quarterback, was kicked out of the NFL for point-shaving prior to the events of the films.