Placostylus

Placostylus
	A shell of the subspecies Placostylus ambagiosus priscus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura; clade Panpulmonata; clade Eupulmonata; clade Stylommatophora; informal group Sigmurethra
Superfamily:	Orthalicoidea
Family:	Bothriembryontidae
Subfamily:	Placostylinae[1]
Genus:	Placostylus; Beck, 1837[2]

Placostylus, or flax snails, are a genus of very large, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Bothriembryontidae.[1]

The shells of the snails in this genus can be as large as 4.5 inches (11 cm) in maximum dimension.

Many species within this genus are now extinct.

Taxonomy

Placostylus is the type genus of the family Placostylidae.[3] It was placed within Placostylidae.[3]

Breure et al. (2010)[4] moved Prestonella and Bothriembryon to Placostylidae. Subsequently, Breure & Romero (2012)[1] confirmed previous results from 2010 and they renamed Placostylidae to Bothriembryontidae.[1]

Distribution

This genus of snails occurs in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Lord Howe Island, and Northland in New Zealand. There are three species in New Zealand and no subspecies.[5]

Species

Species within this genus include:

subgenus Basileostylus Haas, 1935[6][7]

Placostylus bollonsi Suter, 1908[7][5] - New Zealand flax snail

subgenus Maoristylus Haas, 1935[8][7]

Placostylus ambagiosus Suter, 1906[7][5]
Placostylus bivaricosus (Gaskoin, 1855)[9]
Placostylus hongii (Lesson, 1830)[7][5]

subgenus ?

Placostylus bavayi (Crosse & Marie, 1868)
Placostylus bondeensis (Crosse & Souverbie, 1869)
Placostylus caledonicus (Petit, 1845)
Placostylus cuniculinsulae Cox, 1872
Placostylus eddystonensis Pfeiffer, 1855
Placostylus fibratus (Martyn, 1789) - type species[10]
Placostylus founaki (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853)
Placostylus fraterculus Rensch, 1934
Placostylus gracilis (Broderip, 1840)
Placostylus manni Clapp, 1923
Placostylus miltocheilus Reeve, 1848
Placostylus porphyrostomus Pfeiffer, 1851

References

Breure A. S. H. & Romero P. (2012). "Support and surprises: molecular phylogeny of the land snail superfamily Orthalicoidea using a three-locus gene analysis with a divergence time analysis and ancestral area reconstruction (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde: International Journal of Malacology 141(1): 1-20. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/141/001-020.
Beck H. H. (1837). Index Moll. Mus. Ch. Fred. (1): 57.
Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
Breure A. S. H., Groenenberg D. S. J. & Schilthuizen M. (2010). "New insights in the phylogenetic relations within the Orthalicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) based on 28S sequence data". Basteria 74(1-3): 25-31.
Buckley T. R., Stringer I., Gleeson D., Howitt R., Attanayake D., Parrish R., Sherley G. & Rohan M. (2011). "A revision of the New Zealand Placostylus land snails using mitochondrial DNA and shell morphometric analyses, with implications for conservation". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 38(1): 55-81. doi:10.1080/03014223.2010.527997.
Haas (1935). Zool. Anz. 109: 189.
"Class Gastropoda". New Zealand Mollusca, accessed 26 December 2010.
Haas (1935). Zool. Anz. 109: 188.
Ponder W. F., Colgan D. J., Gleeson D. M. & Sherley G. H. (2003). "Relationships of Placostylus from Lord Howe Island: an investigation using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene". Molluscan Research 23(2): 159-178. doi:10.1071/MR03001
ICZN (1992). "Opinion 1662. Limax fibratus Martyn, 1784 and Nerita hebraea Martyn, 1786 (currently Placostylus fibratus and Nerita hebraea; Mollusca, Gastropoda): specific names conserved; and Placostylus Beck, 1837; L. fibratus designated as the type species". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 49: 74-75.

External links

Fabrice M. Brescia, Christine M. Pöllabauer, Murray A. Potter & Alastair W. Robertson, A review of the ecology and conservation of Placostylus (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Bulimulidae) in New Caledonia; Molluscan Research 28(2): 111–122; ISSN 1323-5818
Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
Flax snail on Department of Conservation (New Zealand) website

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[Breure_2012-1] Breure A. S. H. & Romero P. (2012). "Support and surprises: molecular phylogeny of the land snail superfamily Orthalicoidea using a three-locus gene analysis with a divergence time analysis and ancestral area reconstruction (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde: International Journal of Malacology 141(1): 1-20. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/141/001-020.

[2] Beck H. H. (1837). Index Moll. Mus. Ch. Fred. (1): 57.

[Bouchet_2005-3] Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.

[Breure_2010-4] Breure A. S. H., Groenenberg D. S. J. & Schilthuizen M. (2010). "New insights in the phylogenetic relations within the Orthalicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) based on 28S sequence data". Basteria 74(1-3): 25-31.

[Buckley_2011-5] Buckley T. R., Stringer I., Gleeson D., Howitt R., Attanayake D., Parrish R., Sherley G. & Rohan M. (2011). "A revision of the New Zealand Placostylus land snails using mitochondrial DNA and shell morphometric analyses, with implications for conservation". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 38(1): 55-81. doi:10.1080/03014223.2010.527997.

[6] Haas (1935). Zool. Anz. 109: 189.

[mollusca.co.nz-7] "Class Gastropoda". New Zealand Mollusca, accessed 26 December 2010.

[8] Haas (1935). Zool. Anz. 109: 188.

[9] Ponder W. F., Colgan D. J., Gleeson D. M. & Sherley G. H. (2003). "Relationships of Placostylus from Lord Howe Island: an investigation using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene". Molluscan Research 23(2): 159-178. doi:10.1071/MR03001

[10] ICZN (1992). "Opinion 1662. Limax fibratus Martyn, 1784 and Nerita hebraea Martyn, 1786 (currently Placostylus fibratus and Nerita hebraea; Mollusca, Gastropoda): specific names conserved; and Placostylus Beck, 1837; L. fibratus designated as the type species". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 49: 74-75.