People's Defence Forces

People's Defence Forces
Hêzên Parastina Gel (HPG)
People's Defence Forces; Hêzên Parastina Gel (HPG)
	Flag of the HPG
Leader(s)	Abdullah Öcalan[1]; Murat Karayilan[2][3][4];
Foundation	January 2000
Dates of operation	2000–present
Motives	Cultural and political rights for the Kurdish population in Turkey.[5]
Active regions	Turkey, Iraq, Syria
Ideology	Kurdish nationalism; Democratic confederalism; Communalism
Notable attacks	2011 Hakkâri attack
Status	Fights against ISIS.[6][7]; ; Ongoing war with Turkey, after ceasefire ended.
Size	over 40,000 active fighters (2015 Turkish claim)[8]
Website	hezenparastin.info

The People's Defence Forces (Kurdish: Hêzên Parastina Gel‎, HPG) is the military wing of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). During the 7th Congress of the PKK in January 2000, the HPG replaced the former military wing of the PKK, the Peoples Liberation Army of Kurdistan (Artêşa Rizgariya Gêle Kurdistan -ARGK). The replacement was intended to demonstrate the search for a peaceful solution of the conflict with the Turkish state, after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan in 1999.[9]

References

Can, Eyüp (14 July 2013). "PKK Changes Leadership". (trans. Timur Göksel). Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014. Originally published as Karayılan'ı kim niye gönderdi? in Radikal, 11 July 2013.
Tahiri, Hussein. The Structure of Kurdish Society and the Struggle for a Kurdish State. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publications 2007. pp 232 ff
Bila, Fikret (7 November 2007). "Kenan Evren: 'Kürtçeye ağır yasak koyduk ama hataydı'" (in Turkish). Milliyet. Retrieved 30 July 2008. Şimdi İmralı'dan PKK'yı yönetiyor. Cezaevinden avukatları kanalıyla.
"Ojalan: Which way now?". BBC News. 21 November 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
Howard, Michael (13 May 2005). "Radical firebrand who led bloody nationalist war". Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
"War against Isis: PKK commander tasked with the defence of Syrian Kurds claims 'we will save Kobani'". The Independent. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
"BREAKING: HPG operation in Sinjar; 20 ISIS dead". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
"The PKK In Numbers". Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2016-01-05.{}, 28 December 2015
White, Paul (2015). The PKK. London: Zed Books. p. 19-20. ISBN 9781783600373.

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[1] Can, Eyüp (14 July 2013). "PKK Changes Leadership". (trans. Timur Göksel). Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014. Originally published as Karayılan'ı kim niye gönderdi? in Radikal, 11 July 2013.

[tahiri-2] Tahiri, Hussein. The Structure of Kurdish Society and the Struggle for a Kurdish State. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publications 2007. pp 232 ff

[3] Bila, Fikret (7 November 2007). "Kenan Evren: 'Kürtçeye ağır yasak koyduk ama hataydı'" (in Turkish). Milliyet. Retrieved 30 July 2008. Şimdi İmralı'dan PKK'yı yönetiyor. Cezaevinden avukatları kanalıyla.

[4] "Ojalan: Which way now?". BBC News. 21 November 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2007.

[5] Howard, Michael (13 May 2005). "Radical firebrand who led bloody nationalist war". Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 August 2008.

[independent.co.uk-6] "War against Isis: PKK commander tasked with the defence of Syrian Kurds claims 'we will save Kobani'". The Independent. Retrieved 25 June 2015.

[kurdishquestion.com-7] "BREAKING: HPG operation in Sinjar; 20 ISIS dead". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.

[Sabah-8] "The PKK In Numbers". Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2016-01-05.{}, 28 December 2015

[:22-9] White, Paul (2015). The PKK. London: Zed Books. p. 19-20. ISBN 9781783600373.