Penalty run

Five penalty runs are awarded to the batting team if:

• The ball strikes a fielder's helmet (or other equipment) when it is on the field but not being worn (e.g. when temporarily taken off and on the field behind the wicket keeper). For example:

1. On 12 September 2002 in Colombo, Pakistan were awarded five penalty runs after Rashid Latif's delivery hit Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Kumar Sangakkara's helmet.[3]
2. On 3 January 2010 in Cape Town, South Africa were awarded five penalty runs after Graeme Swann's delivery hit English wicket-keeper Matt Prior's helmet.[4]
3. On 22 October 2016 in Chittagong, England were awarded five penalty runs after Shakib Al Hasan's delivery hit Bangladeshi wicketkeeper Mushfiqur Rahim's helmet.
4. On 15 June 2017 in Edgbaston (ICC Champions Trophy; Semifinal), Bangladesh was awarded five penalty runs after the ball bounced off the strewn left glove in a run out attempt by Mahendra Singh Dhoni.
5. On 8 January 2018 in Sydney (2018 Ashes; 5th Test), England were awarded five penalty runs after the ball from Nathan Lyon to batsman Tom Curran passed the wicketkeeper and hit a helmet.

• A fielder wilfully fields the ball other than with his person (for example, using a cap or other item of clothing).
• The ball is touched by a fielder who has returned to the field without the umpire's permission.
• The fielding team deliberately distract or obstruct the batsman. (If the distraction or obstruction occurs before the striker receives the ball, the fielding team must first receive a warning, however penalty runs are awarded for the first instance of such an infringement after the striker has received the ball.)
• After being warned, the fielding team damage the pitch or deliberately waste time between overs, thus ignoring the warning.

Five penalty runs are awarded to the fielding side if the batting team:

• Attempt to "steal" a run or deliberately run short
• Deliberately waste time after having been warned
• Damage the pitch after warning.

The penalty runs are added to the fielding team's score in their previous innings, unless they have not yet batted, in which case the runs are added to their next innings.

• Either team may be penalised five runs if the umpires decide that the team have illegally changed the condition of the ball, known as ball tampering. For example:

1. On 20 August 2006 England were awarded five penalty runs for ball tampering after umpires Darrel Hair and Billy Doctrove judged, in the 56th over of the 4th day's play in the fourth Test Match at the Oval, London, that Pakistan had altered the condition of the ball.[5] Because that judgement implied that Pakistan had cheated, considerable fallout resulted. The judgement was overturned by the ICC Code of Conduct hearing September 28 2006, which concluded that, "The charge of ball-tampering is therefore dismissed."[6] but that ruling could not and did not expunge the penalty runs recorded.[7]
2. On 25 October 2013 in Dubai, Pakistan were awarded five penalty runs after Faf du Plessis rubbed the ball on a zipper of his trouser pocket which was deemed to be ball tampering.[8]

• Either team may be penalised five runs after warning for practising on the pitch on match days, on the rest of the square unless authorised by the umpires, or on the outfield during play except by the fielders, who can only use the match ball, and must not change its condition or waste time.

• Law 41 contains a final catch-all (Law 41.19) which empowers the umpire to award five penalty runs for any action that he judges unfair, which is not otherwise covered.