Panagrellus redivivus

The free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus (common names include vinegar eel, vinegar eelworm, vinegar nematode, paste worm, starch worm, sour paste nematode, sour paste eelworm, beer felt nematode, and beer mat nematode[1][2]), is a tiny nematode that can be found living in beer mats, insect frass, slime from tree wounds, wheat paste, and mother of vinegar.[1] Their environment makes them exceptionally tolerant of variation in acidity and alkalinity and they may be able to tolerate a wider range than any other nematode species, being able to survive from pH 1.6 to 11.[3] One of thirteen currently recognized species of Panagrellus, P. redivivus is about 50 μm in diameter and just over 1 mm in length, barely visible to the naked eye. Subsisting on yeast, it is easily cultured at home on a substrate of flour paste[4] or porridge inoculated with dry yeast.[5] Females reach maturity in about three days and deliver live young rather than eggs, as most nematodes produce.

Panagrellus redivivus
Observation of Panagrellus redivivus on a Zeiss microscope stage
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Nematoda
Class:
Secernentea
Order:
Rhabditida
Family:
Panagrolaimidae
Genus:
Panagrellus
Species:
P. redivivus
Binomial name
Panagrellus redivivus
(Linnaeus, 1767)
Synonyms[1]
  • Chaos redivivum Linnaeus, 1767
  • Vibrio anguillula Müller, 1773
  • Vibrio glutinis Müller, 1783
  • Anguillula aceti Müller, 1786
  • Anguillula glutinis (Müller, 1783) Müller, 1786
  • Gordius glutinis Oken, 1815
  • Vibrio anguillula aceti (Müller, 1783) Bory, 1824
  • Vibrio anguillula glutinis (Müller, 1783) Bory, 1824
  • Rhabditis aceti (Müller, 1786) Dujardin, 1845
  • Rhabditis glutinis (Müller, 1783) Dujardin, 1845
  • Leptodera aceti (Müller, 1783) Schneider, 1866
  • Leptodera oxophila Schneider, 1866 (in part)
  • Anguillula rediviva (Linnaeus, 1767) Stiles & Hassall, 1905
  • Anguillula silusiae De Man, 1913
  • Turbatrix aceti (Müller, 1783) Peters, 1927
  • Turbatrix rediviva (Müller, 1783) Peters, 1927
  • Turbatrix silusiae (de Man, 1913) Peters, 1927
  • Neocephalobus leucocephalus Steiner, 1936
  • Cephalobus parasiticus Sandground, 1939
  • Turbator leucocephalus (Steiner, 1936) Goodey, 1945.
  • Turbator redivivus (Linnaeus, 1767) Goodey, 1943
  • Turbator silusiae (de Man, 1913) Goodey, 1943
  • Panagrellus leucocephalus (Steiner, 1936) Goodey 1945
  • Panagrellus redivivus (Linnaeus, 1767) Goodey, 1945
  • Panagrellus silusiae (de Man, 1913) Goodey, 1945

Pisciculture

P. redivivus is known to many aquarium enthusiasts and fish keepers as the microworm. It is a tiny roundworm used as the first food for larger kinds of newly-hatched fish, such as larval common carp.[6][7] The microworm is widely used in aquaculture as food for a variety of fish and crustacean species.[8][9]

Model organism

The microworm has been used as a model organism in genetic analysis studies, but not nearly as universally as its relative, Caenorhabditis elegans.[10]

Occurrence in food

In Vietnamese cuisine, cơm mẻ[11] is an ingredient which appears in many dishes such as buffalo meat[12] and fish soup[13] thanks to its sourness. Cơm mẻ is the cooked rice being lactic fermented by yeast and maintained with the existence of P. redivivus. Although they are harmless and non-parasitic, leaving eelworms in vinegar is considered objectionable in the United States and is not permitted in vinegar destined for American consumers.[14] Manufacturers normally filter and pasteurize their product prior to bottling, destroying the live bacterial and yeast culture that these nematodes require for sustenance.

References
  1. Ferris H. (2009). "The beer mat nematode, Panagrellus redivivus: A study of the connectedness of scientific discovery" (PDF). J. Nematode Morphol. Syst. 12 (1): 19–25.
  2. Stock S, Nadler, N. (2006). "Morphological and molecular characterization of Panagrellus spp. (Cephalobina: Panagrolaimidae): Taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships" (PDF). Nematology. 8 (6): 921–938.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  3. Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; Irwin, Louis Neal (2008-10-02). Life in the Universe: Expectations and Constraints. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 57. ISBN 9783540768166.
  4. Linnaeus identified the species in library or book paste.
  5. Worm Culture Information
  6. Schlechtriem, C., M. Ricci, U. Focken and K. Becker (2004). "The suitability of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus as live food for first-feeding fish larvae". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 20 (3): 161. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00542.x.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  7. "The Chesapeake Area Killifish Club: Vinegar Eels". www.chesapeakekillifish.org. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
  8. "Vinegar Eels". web.archive.org. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
  9. Sautter J., Kaiser H., Focken U., Becker K. (2007). "Panagrellus redivivus (Linné) as a live food organism in the early rearing of the catfish Synodontis petricola (Matthes)". Aquaculture Research. 38 (6): 653–659. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01714.x.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  10. Kovaleva, E.S.; et al. (2003). "Panagrellus redivivus as a molecular model for cyst nematodes". Journal of Nematology. 35 (3): 348.
  11. "Cách Làm Cơm Mẻ thơm ngon không lo mốc chỉ 2 bước đơn giản". Cooky.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  12. "Cách làm món thịt trâu nhúng mẻ nóng hổi cực ngon". Cungbanvaobep: Món Ngon Mỗi Ngày - Ẩm Thực - Nấu Ăn. 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  13. "Cách nấu canh chua cơm mẻ ngon mê ly cho ngày tiết trời ẩm ương". ameohay.com. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  14. "FDA: Sec. 525.825 Vinegar, Definitions - Adulteration with Vinegar Eels (CPG 7109.22)". fda.gov. Retrieved 26 September 2018.

Further reading
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.