Paint sheen

In paint technology, the sheen is the glossiness of a paint finish. Glossy and flat (or matte) are typical extreme levels of glossiness of a finish. Glossy paints are shiny and reflect most light in the specular (mirror-like) direction, while on flat paints most of the light diffuses in a range of angles. The gloss level of paint can also affect its apparent colour.

High-gloss finish used for kitchen elements

Between those extremes, there are a number of intermediate gloss levels. Their common names, from the most dull to the most shiny, include: matte, eggshell, satin, silk, semi-gloss and high gloss. These terms are not standardized, and not all manufacturers use all these terms.[1]

Terminology

Firwood, a UK paint manufacturer measures gloss as percentages of light reflected from an emitted source back into an apparatus from specified angles, ranging between 60 and 20 depending on the reflectivity. With very low gloss levels (such as matte finishes), a 60° angle is too great to measure light reflectance accurately, so a lower angle of 20° is usually used.[2]

The returned light into the apparatus allows the gloss to be classified as follows:

Full Gloss 70% - 90%

Semi-Gloss 41% - 69%

Satin 26% - 40%

Sheen 15% - 25%

Eggshell 10% - 15%

Matte <10%

Technology
Scattering of light on finishes with 75% (matte), 50% (satin) and ~35% (glossy) pigment-volume concentration. Still lower PVCs (below critical) do not affect sheen, but only permeability.[3]

The sheen[4] or gloss level of a paint is principally determined by the ratio of resinous, adhesive binder which solidifies after drying, and solid, powdery pigment. The more binder the coating contains, the more regular reflection will be made from its smooth surface; conversely, with less binder, grains of pigment become exposed to the surface, scattering the light and providing matte effect.[5] To a lesser extent, gloss is also affected by other factors: refraction index of the pigment particles, viscosity and refraction index of the binder.[3]

An important indicator is pigment-volume concentration (PVC), defined as the ratio of pigment volume and total paint volume:[3]

PVC affects both physical and optical properties of a paint. Matte paints have less binder, which makes them more susceptible to mechanical damages (however, they are less visible than on glossy surfaces). Optimum quantity of binder provides a smooth surface at which all extender & pigment particles are tightly bonded by reducing little quantity of Binder can damage surface. However, at a certain PVC, called critical PVC (CPVC), the extenders & Pigments are already saturated with binder and the surface becomes solid and matt, without protruding particles; adding more binder (lowering PVC) will affect the sheen. CPVC generally depends on the binder-pigment system used, and generally falls in the 1–9% range.[3]

As a gloss finish will reveal surface imperfections such as sanding marks, surfaces must generally be prepared more thoroughly for gloss finishes. Gloss-finish paints are generally more resistant to damage than flat paint, more resistant to staining, and easier to clean.[6] Flat paint may become glossier through burnishing or staining with grease; glossy paint may lose its gloss and look scratched if abraded. Unlike gloss paint, flat paint can generally be touched up locally without repainting the entire surface.

Gloss level can be characterized by the angular distribution of light scattered from a surface, measured with a glossmeter, but there are various ways of measuring this, and different industries have different standards.

Applications

In traditional household interiors, walls are usually painted in flat or eggshell gloss, wooden trim (including doors and window sash) in high gloss, and ceilings almost invariably in flat. Similarly, exterior trim is usually painted with a gloss paint, while the body of the house is painted in a lower gloss.

Gloss-paint is commonplace in the automotive industry for car bodies.

References
  1. Dennis J. Hall, Nina M. Giglio (2011). Graphic Standards Field Guide to Residential Construction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 410. ISBN 9780470906262.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. https://www.firwood.co.uk/blog/firwood-hints-and-tips/a-guide-to-measuring-levels-of-gloss-in-paint
  3. Eric F. Hansen, Sue Walston, Mitchell Hearns Bishop, eds. (1994). Matte paint: Its history and technology, analysis, properties, and treatment, with special emphasis on ethnographic objects. Getty Conservation Institute. ISBN 0-89236-262-6. Retrieved 2015-03-11.CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)
  4. "Considering Sheen". Sherwin-Williams/SHEEN magazine. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
  5. Ostrow, Judy. Painting Rooms. Quarry Books. ISBN 9781610594462.
  6. Koleske, Paint and Coating Testing Manual, p. 615, ISBN 0-8031-2060-5
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