Osculating circle

Imagine a car moving along a curved road on a vast flat plane. Suddenly, at one point along the road, the steering wheel locks in its present position. Thereafter, the car moves in a circle that "kisses" the road at the point of locking. The curvature of the circle is equal to that of the road at that point. That circle is the osculating circle of the road curve at that point.

Let ${\displaystyle \gamma }$(s) be a regular parametric plane curve, where s is the arc length (the natural parameter). This determines the unit tangent vector T(s), the unit normal vector N(s), the signed curvature k(s) and the radius of curvature R(s) at each point for which s is composed:

${\displaystyle T(s)=\gamma '(s),\quad T'(s)=k(s)N(s),\quad R(s)={\frac {1}{\left|k(s)\right|}}.}$

Suppose that P is a point on γ where k ≠ 0. The corresponding center of curvature is the point Q at distance R along N, in the same direction if k is positive and in the opposite direction if k is negative. The circle with center at Q and with radius R is called the osculating circle to the curve γ at the point P.

If C is a regular space curve then the osculating circle is defined in a similar way, using the principal normal vector N. It lies in the osculating plane, the plane spanned by the tangent and principal normal vectors T and N at the point P.

The plane curve can also be given in a different regular parametrization

${\displaystyle \gamma (t)\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}x_{1}(t)\\x_{2}(t)\end{pmatrix}}\,}$

where regular means that ${\displaystyle \gamma '(t)\neq 0}$ for all ${\displaystyle t}$. Then the formulas for the signed curvature k(t), the normal unit vector N(t), the radius of curvature R(t), and the center Q(t) of the osculating circle are

${\displaystyle k(t)={\frac {x_{1}'(t)\cdot x_{2}''(t)-x_{1}''(t)\cdot x_{2}'(t)}{{\Big (}x_{1}'(t)^{2}+x_{2}'(t)^{2}{\Big )}^{\frac {3}{2}}}}\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad N(t)\,=\,{\frac {1}{\|\gamma '(t)\|}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}-x_{2}'(t)\\x_{1}'(t)\end{pmatrix}}}$

${\displaystyle R(t)=\left|{\frac {{\Big (}x_{1}'(t)^{2}+x_{2}'(t)^{2}{\Big )}^{\frac {3}{2}}}{x_{1}'(t)\cdot x_{2}''(t)-x_{1}''(t)\cdot x_{2}'(t)}}\right|\qquad \qquad \mathrm {and} \qquad \qquad Q(t)\,=\,\gamma (t)\,+\,{\frac {1}{k(t)\cdot \|\gamma '(t)\|}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}-x_{2}'(t)\\x_{1}'(t)\end{pmatrix}}\,.}$

For a curve C given by a sufficiently smooth parametric equations (twice continuously differentiable), the osculating circle may be obtained by a limiting procedure: it is the limit of the circles passing through three distinct points on C as these points approach P.[2] This is entirely analogous to the construction of the tangent to a curve as a limit of the secant lines through pairs of distinct points on C approaching P.

The osculating circle S to a plane curve C at a regular point P can be characterized by the following properties:

• The circle S passes through P.
• The circle S and the curve C have the common tangent line at P, and therefore the common normal line.
• Close to P, the distance between the points of the curve C and the circle S in the normal direction decays as the cube or a higher power of the distance to P in the tangential direction.

This is usually expressed as "the curve and its osculating circle have the second or higher order contact" at P. Loosely speaking, the vector functions representing C and S agree together with their first and second derivatives at P.

If the derivative of the curvature with respect to s is nonzero at P then the osculating circle crosses the curve C at P. Points P at which the derivative of the curvature is zero are called vertices. If P is a vertex then C and its osculating circle have contact of order at least three. If, moreover, the curvature has a non-zero local maximum or minimum at P then the osculating circle touches the curve C at P but does not cross it.

The curve C may be obtained as the envelope of the one-parameter family of its osculating circles. Their centers, i.e. the centers of curvature, form another curve, called the evolute of C. Vertices of C correspond to singular points on its evolute.

Within any arc of a curve C within which the curvature is monotonic (that is, away from any vertex of the curve), the osculating circles are all disjoint and nested within each other. This result is known as the Tait-Kneser theorem.[1]

• Circle packing theorem
• Osculating curve
• Osculating sphere

For some historical notes on the study of curvature, see

• Grattan-Guinness & H. J. M. Bos (2000). From the Calculus to Set Theory 1630-1910: An Introductory History. Princeton University Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-691-07082-2.
• Roy Porter, editor (2003). The Cambridge History of Science: v4 - Eighteenth Century Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 313. ISBN 0-521-57243-6.

For application to maneuvering vehicles see

• JC Alexander and JH Maddocks (1988): On the maneuvering of vehicles doi:10.1137/0148002
• Murray S. Klamkin (1990). Problems in Applied Mathematics: selections from SIAM review. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. p. 1. ISBN 0-89871-259-9.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osculating circles.

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Osculating Circle". MathWorld.
• math3d : osculating_circle