Opus incertum

Opus incertum (irregular work) was an ancient Roman construction technique, using irregularly shaped and randomly placed uncut stones or fist-sized tuff blocks inserted in a core of opus caementicium.

Layers of opus incertum on the left side of the Temple of Iovis Anxur in Terracina, Italy.

Initially it consisted of more careful placement of the caementa (rock fragments and small stones mixed with concrete), making the external surface as plain as possible. Later the external surface became plainer still by reducing the amount of concrete and choosing more regular small stones. When the amount of concrete between stones is particularly reduced, it is defined as opus quasi reticulatum.

Used from the beginning of the 2nd century BC until the mid-1st century BC, it was later largely superseded by opus reticulatum.

See also
  • Opus quadratum – Roman masonry using parallel courses of squared stone of the same height
  • Opus reticulatum – Roman masonry in diamond-shaped bricks of tuff, covering a core of opus caementicium
  • Opus mixtum, also known as Opus compositum – Combination of Roman construction techniques
  • Roman concrete, also known as Opus caementicium – Building material used in construction during the late Roman Republic and Empire


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