Nylon-eating bacteria

Chemical structure of 6-aminohexanoic acid

In 1975, a team of Japanese scientists discovered a strain of Flavobacterium, living in ponds containing waste water from a nylon factory, that could digest certain byproducts of nylon 6 manufacture, such as the linear dimer of 6-aminohexanoate. These substances are not known to have existed before the invention of nylon in 1935.

Further study [3] revealed that the three enzymes that the bacteria were using to digest the byproducts were significantly different from any other enzymes produced by any other bacteria, and not effective on any material other than the manmade nylon byproducts.[4]

This discovery led geneticist Susumu Ohno to speculate (in a paper published in April 1984) that the gene for one of the enzymes, 6-aminohexanoic acid hydrolase, had come about from the combination of a gene-duplication event with a frameshift mutation.[5] Ohno suggested as a likely cause the insertion of thymine. The original sequence was CGAGAA coding for arginine and glutamine at the 33rd and 34th positions respectively, which became CG ATG AA creating a new start codon new open reading frame. This new ORF is translated to 6-aminohexanoic acid hydrolase, a 392 amino-acid length protein compared to 427 amino acids in the original protein.[5] Ohno suggested that many unique new genes have evolved in this way.

A 2007 paper that described a series of studies by a team led by Seiji Negoro of the University of Hyogo, Japan, suggested that just two amino-acid alterations, i.e. G181D (from Gly181 (EII′-original enzyme ) to Asp (6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase (EII) )) and H266N (from His266 (EII′)to Asn (EII)), confer the Ald-hydrolytic activity to the level of the parental EII enzyme10.[6] These results suggest that the EII has evolved by gene duplication followed by base substitution from its ancestral gene. Many other genes have been discovered which did evolve by gene duplication followed by a frameshift mutation affecting at least part of the gene.

A 1995 paper showed that scientists have also been able to induce another species of bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to evolve the capability to break down the same nylon byproducts in a laboratory by forcing them to live in an environment with no other source of nutrients. The P. aeruginosa strain did not seem to use the same enzymes that had been utilized by the original Flavobacterium strain.[7]

As described in a 1983 publication, other scientists were able to get the ability to generate the enzymes to transfer from the Flavobacterium strain to a strain of E. coli bacteria via a plasmid transfer.[8]

There is scientific consensus that the capacity to synthesize nylonase most probably developed as a single-step mutation that survived because it improved the fitness of the bacteria possessing the mutation. More importantly, the enzyme involved was produced by a mutation completely randomizing the original gene. Despite this, the new gene still had a novel, albeit weak, catalytic capacity. This is seen as a good example of how mutations easily can provide the raw material for evolution by natural selection.[9][10][11][12]

• Organisms breaking down plastic
• Biodegradable plastic
• E. coli long-term evolution experiment
• Radiotrophic fungus
• Evolution
• Creation–evolution controversy
• Nylon-eating bacteria and creationism
• London Underground mosquito
• Lonicera fly
• Mealworms are capable of digesting polystyrene

• Kinoshita S, Kageyama S, Iba K, Yamada Y, Okada H (1975). "Utilization of a cyclic dimer and linear oligomers of ε-aminocapronoic acid by Achromobacter guttatus K172". Agric. Biol. Chem. 39 (6): 1219–23. doi:10.1271/bbb1961.39.1219.
• Yomo T, Urabe I, Okada H (May 1992). "No stop codons in the antisense strands of the genes for nylon oligomer degradation". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89 (9): 3780–4. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.3780Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.9.3780. PMC 525574. PMID 1570296.
• Prijambada ID, Negoro S, Yomo T, Urabe I (May 1995). "Emergence of nylon oligomer degradation enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO through experimental evolution". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (5): 2020–2. PMC 167468. PMID 7646041.