Non-covalent interactions index

The Non-Covalent Interactions index, commonly referred to as simply Non-Covalent Interactions (NCI) is a visualization index based in the Electron density (ρ) and the reduced density gradient (s). It is based on the empirical observation that Non-covalent interactions can be associated with the regions of small reduced density gradient at low electronic densities. In quantum chemistry, the non-covalent interactions index is used to visualize non-covalent interactions in three-dimensional space.[1]

NCI representation in 3D and 2D of a three water molecules cluster
NCI representation in 3D and 2D of a six water molecules cluster
NCI representation in 3D and 2D of an eight water molecules cluster

Its visual representation arises from the isosurfaces of the reduced density gradient colored by a scale of strength. The strength is usually estimated through the product of the electron density and the second eigenvalue (λH) of the Hessian of the electron density in each point of the isosurface, with the attractive or repulsive character being determined by the sign of λH. This allows for a direct representation and characterization of non-covalent interactions in three-dimensional space, including hydrogen bonds and steric clashes.[2][3] Being based on the electron density and derived scalar fields, NCI indexes are invariant with respect to the transformation of molecular orbitals. Furthermore, the electron density of a system can be calculated both by X-ray diffraction experiments and theoretical wavefunction calculations.[4]

The reduced density gradient (s) is a scalar field of the electron density (ρ) that can be defined as

Within the Density Functional Theory framework the reduced density gradient arises in the definition of the Generalized Gradient Approximation of the exchange functional.[5] The original definition is

in which kF is the Fermi momentum of the free electron gas.[6]

References
  1. Pastorczak, E. and Corminboeuf, C. (2017) ‘Perspective: Found in translation: Quantum chemical tools for grasping non-covalent interactions’, The Journal of Chemical Physics. AIP Publishing LLC , 146(12), p. 120901. doi: 10.1063/1.4978951.
  2. Johnson, E. R. et al. (2010) ‘Revealing Noncovalent Interactions’, Journal of the American Chemical Society. American Chemical Society, 132(18), pp. 6498–6506. doi: 10.1021/ja100936w.
  3. Contreras-García, J., Yang, W. and Johnson, E. R. (2011) ‘Analysis of Hydrogen-Bond Interaction Potentials from the Electron Density: Integration of Noncovalent Interaction Regions’, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. American Chemical Society, 115(45), pp. 12983–12990. doi: 10.1021/jp204278k.
  4. Saleh , G. et al. (2012) ‘Revealing Non-covalent Interactions in Molecular Crystals through Their Experimental Electron Densities’, Chemistry - A European Journal, 18(48), pp. 15523–15536. doi: 10.1002/chem.201201290.
  5. Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. and Ernzerhof, M. (1996) ‘Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple’, 77. Available at: https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865
  6. Hohenberg, P. and Kohn, W. (1964) ‘Inhomogeneous Electron Gas’, Physical Review. American Physical Society, 136(3B), pp. B864–B871. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.136.B864.
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