Nobatia
Nobatia /noʊˈbeɪʃə/ or Nobadia (/noʊˈbeɪdiə/; Greek: Νοβαδία, Nobadia; Old Nubian: ⲙⲓⲅⲓⲧⲛ︦ ⲅⲟⲩⲗ, Migitin Goul) was a late antique kingdom in Lower Nubia. Together with the two other Nubian kingdoms, Makuria and Alodia, it succeeded the kingdom of Kush. After its establishment in around 400, Nobadia gradually expanded by defeating the Blemmyes in the north and incorporating the territory between the second and third Nile cataract in the south. In 543, it converted to Coptic Christianity. It would then be annexed by Makuria, under unknown circumstances, during the 7th century.
Nobatia ⲙⲓⲅⲓⲧⲛ︦ ⲅⲟⲩⲗ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 400–7th century | |||||||||
 Nobatia and the other Christian Nubian kingdoms. | |||||||||
| Capital | Pachoras | ||||||||
| Common languages | Nubian Greek Coptic | ||||||||
| Religion | Isis cult Coptic Orthodox Christianity (From 543) | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Historical era | Late Antiquity/Early Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | c. 400 | ||||||||
• Integrated into Makuria | 7th century | ||||||||
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| Today part of |   | ||||||||
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History
The kingdom of Nobatia had been founded in the former Meroitic province of Akine, which comprised large parts of Lower Nubia and is speculated to have been autonomous already before the ultimate fall of the Meroitic kingdom in the mid 4th century.[1] While the Nobatae /ˈnɒbəti/ had been invited into the region from the Western Desert by the Roman Emperor Diocletian already in 297 AD, their kingdom becomes tangible only in around 400 AD.[2] Early Nobatia is quite likely the same civilization that is known to archeologists as the Ballana culture. Eventually the Nobatae were successful in defeating the Blemmyes, and an inscription by Silko, "Basiliskos" of the Nobatae, claims to have driven the Blemmyes into the Eastern Desert. Around this time the Nobatian capital was established at Pakhoras (modern Faras); soon after, Nobatia converted to non-Chalcedonian Christianity.
By 707, Nobatia had been annexed to its southern neighbor, Makuria. The circumstances of this merger are unknown. It is also unknown what happened to the royal Nobadian family.[3] The merger most likely occurred before the Muslim conquest in 652, since the Arab histories speak of only one Christian state in Nubia and reached at least as far as Old Dongola. Nobatia seems to have maintained some autonomy in the new state. It was ruled by an eparch of Nobatia who was also titled the Domestikos of Pakhoras. These were originally appointed but seem to be dynastic in the later period. Some of their records have been found at Fort Ibrim, presenting a figure with a great deal of power. Nobatia՚s name is often given as al-Maris in Arabic histories. The eparchate of Nobadia remained an integral part of the kingdom of Makuria until the very end, as is confirmed by a document from 1463 mentioning an eparch named Teedderre.[4][5]
Religion
Paganism
Since Ptolemaic times, the "state religion" of Lower Nubia had been the Isis cult of Philae. Its importance outlived the Ptolemaic and Meroitic period and Nubian pilgrims continued to travel to Philae.[6] The temple on Philae was eventually shut down in 535-538 and Nubians were forbidden to enter it.[7] Another Isis cult, the Greco-Roman mysteries of Isis, has been confirmed to be practiced in Nobadia by an unearthed shrine in Qasr Ibrim. This cult was practiced since Meroitic times as well.[8]
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Christianity
As confirmed by epigraphical and archaeological evidence, Christianity was already present among parts of the Nobadian society even before the official conversion of 543.[9] The Nobadian elite might have started considering to convert to Christianity in the 530's, paralleling to when the Isis temple was shut down.[10] Christianity proceeded to spread through Nobadia on various levels at different speeds.[11] Towns, for example, were quick in adopting the new religion, while the Christianization procedure of the villages was not accomplished until the 7th-9th century.[12] South of the second cataract, Christianity seems to have begun spreading later than in the north, possibly since the late 6th or early 7th century.[13]
Military culture
Nothing is known about the organization of the Nobatian army.[14] Many of the weapons employed by the Nobatians had antecedents from the Meroitic period.[15]
Missile weapons
Archaeology from the pagan period confirms the relevance archery had for the Nubians and therefore also the Nobatians.[16] The slightly reflexed longsbows, which are attested for Kushite mercenaries since the Middle Kingdom, were replaced by reflex composite bows during the Meroitic or post-Meroitic period, measuring around one meter and originally designed to be shot from horseback.[17] One simple wooden self bow is known from an early Nobadian burial in Qustul.[18] The Nobadians shot barbed and possibly poisoned arrows of around 50 cm length.[19] To store the arrows, they used quivers made of tanned leather originally from long-necked animals like goats or gazelles. Additionally, they were enhanced with straps, flaps and elaborate decoration.[20] The quivers were possibly worn not in the back, but in the front.[21] On the hand holding the bow, the archers wore bracelets to protect the hand from injuries while drawing the bowstring. For the nobility, the bracelets could be made of silver, while poorer versions were made of rawhide.[22] Furthermore, the archers wore thumb rings, measuring between three and four cm.[23] Thus, Nubian archers would have employed a drawing technique very similar to the Persian and Chinese one, both of which also reliant on thumb rings.[24]
At Qasr Ibrim, two crossbow darts have been discovered. The use of crossbows had hitherto been unattested in Nubia.[25]
Melee weapons
A weapon characteristic for the Nobadians was a type of short sword.[26] It has a straight hollow-ground blade which was sharpened only on one edge and was therefore not designed to thrust, but to hack.[27] Apart of said swords, there were also lances, some of them with large blades, as well as halberds. The large-bladed lances and the halberds were possibly only ceremonial.[28]
Body protection
Nobadian warriors and their leadership made use of shields and body armour, most of it manufactured from leather.[26][27] Fragments of thick hide have been found in the royal tombs of Qustul, suggesting that the principal interment was usually buried while wearing armour.[29] A well-preserved and richly decorated breastplate made of oxhide comes from Qasr Ibrim,[27] while a comparable, but more fragmentary piece was discovered at Gebel Adda, albeit this one was made of reptile hide, possibly from a crocodile.[30] Another fragment which possibly once constituted a body armour comes from Qustul. It consists of several layers of tanned leather and was studded with lead rosettes.[26]
Notes
- Obluski 2014, p. 195-196.
- Obluski 2014, p. 35.
- Welsby 2002, p. 88.
- Lajtar 2011, p. 123.
- Werner 2013, p. 145-146.
- Adams 2013, p. 154-155.
- Obluski 2014, p. 170.
- Adams 2013, p. 155-156.
- Obluski 2014, p. 171, 173-174.
- Obluski 2014, p. 171.
- Obluski 2014, p. 173.
- Obluski 2014, p. 174-175.
- Obluski 2014, p. 177-178.
- Welsby 2002, p. 82.
- Williams 1991, p. 76.
- Welsby 2002, p. 78.
- Zielinski 2015, p. 794.
- Williams 1991, p. 84.
- Williams 1991, p. 77.
- Williams 1991, p. 78.
- Zielinski 2015, p. 801.
- Zielinski 2015, p. 795.
- Zielinski 2015, p. 798.
- Zielinski 2015, p. 798-899.
- Adams 2013, p. 138.
- Williams 1991, p. 87.
- Welsby 2002, p. 80.
- Welsby 2002, p. 79.
- Welsby 2002, p. 80-81.
- Hubert & Edwards 2010, p. 87.
References
- Adams, William Y. (2013). Qasr Ibrim: The Ballana Phase. Egypt Exploration Society. ISBN 0856982164.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hubert, Reinhard; Edwards, David N. (2010). "Gebel Abba Cemetery One, 1963. Post-medieval reuse of X-Group tumuli". Sudan&Nubia. 14: 83–90.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lajtar, Adam (2011). "Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225)". Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Obluski, Artur (2014). The Rise of Nobadia. Social Changes in Northern Nubia in Late Antiquity. University of Warsaw Faculty of Law and Administration. ISBN 8392591992.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Welsby, Derek (2002). The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum. ISBN 0714119474.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Werner, Roland (2013). Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche. Lit.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)}
- Williams, Bruce Beyer (1991). Noubadian X-Group Remains from Royal Complexes in Cemeteries Q and 219 and from Private Cemeteries Q, R, V, W, B, J and M at Qustul and Ballana. The University of Chicago.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Zielinski, Lukasz (2015). "New insights into Nubian archery". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 24 (1): 791–801.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Further reading
- Dane, Rachael Jane (2006). Aesthetics and identity at Qustul and Ballana, Lower Nubia (PDF). Durham thesis.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dijkstra, J. H. F. (2005). Religious encounters on the southern Egyptian frontier in Late Antiquity (AD 298- 642) (PDF).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dijkstra, J. H. F. (2014). ""I, Silko, Came to Talmis and Taphis". Interactions between the Peoples beyond the Egyptian Frontier and Rome in Late Antiquity". In J.H.F. Dijkstra, G. Fisher (eds.). Inside and Out: Interactions between Rome and the Peoples on the Arabian and Egyptian Frontiers in Late Antiquity. Leuven. pp. 299–330. ISBN 978-90-429-3124-4.CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Fuller, Dorian (2015). "The Economic Basis of the Qustul Splinter State: Cash Crops, Subsistence Shifts, and Labour Demands in the Post-Meroitic Transition". In Michael Zach (ed.). The Kushite World. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Meroitic Studies. Vienne, 1-4 September 2008. Verein der Förderer der Sudanforschung. pp. 33–60.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Godlewski, Wlodzimierz (1986). "Remarks on the Art of Nobadia (V–VIII Century)". Nubische Studien.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)