Nisnevich topology

A morphism of schemes f : Y → X is called a Nisnevich morphism if it is an étale morphism such that for every (possibly non-closed) point x ∈ X, there exists a point y ∈ Y in the fiber f⁻¹(x) such that the induced map of residue fields k(x) → k(y) is an isomorphism. Equivalently, f must be flat, unramified, locally of finite presentation, and for every point x ∈ X, there must exist a point y in the fiber f⁻¹(x) such that k(x) → k(y) is an isomorphism.

A family of morphisms {u_α : X_α → X} is a Nisnevich cover if each morphism in the family is étale and for every (possibly non-closed) point x ∈ X, there exists α and a point y ∈ X_α s.t. u_α(y) = x and the induced map of residue fields k(x) → k(y) is an isomorphism. If the family is finite, this is equivalent to the morphism ${\displaystyle \coprod u_{\alpha }}$ from ${\displaystyle \coprod X_{\alpha }}$ to X being a Nisnevich morphism. The Nisnevich covers are the covering families of a pretopology on the category of schemes and morphisms of schemes. This generates a topology called the Nisnevich topology. The category of schemes with the Nisnevich topology is notated Nis.

The small Nisnevich site of X has as underlying category the same as the small étale site, that is to say, objects are schemes U with a fixed étale morphism U → X and the morphisms are morphisms of schemes compatible with the fixed maps to X. Admissible coverings are Nisnevich morphisms.

The big Nisnevich site of X has as underlying category schemes with a fixed map to X and morphisms the morphisms of X-schemes. The topology is the one given by Nisnevich morphisms.

The Nisnevich topology has several variants which are adapted to studying singular varieties. Covers in these topologies include resolutions of singularities or weaker forms of resolution.

• The cdh topology allows proper birational morphisms as coverings.
• The h topology allows De Jong's alterations as coverings.
• The l′ topology allows morphisms as in the conclusion of Gabber's local uniformization theorem.

The cdh and l′ topologies are incomparable with the étale topology, and the h topology is finer than the étale topology.

One of the key motivations[1] for introducing the Nisnevich topology in motivic cohomology is the fact that a Zariski open cover ${\displaystyle \pi :U\to X}$ does not yield a resolution of Zariski sheaves[2]

${\displaystyle \cdots \to \mathbf {Z} _{tr}(U\times _{X}U)\to \mathbf {Z} _{tr}(U)\to \mathbf {Z} _{tr}(X)\to 0}$

where

${\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} _{tr}(Y)(Z):={\text{Hom}}_{cor}(Z,Y)}$

is the representable functor over the category of presheaves with transfers. For the Nisnevich topology, the local rings are Henselian, and a finite cover of a Henselian ring is given by a product of Henselian rings, showing exactness.

If x is a point of a scheme X, then the local ring of x in the Nisnevich topology is the henselization of the local ring of x in the Zariski topology.

Consider the étale cover given by

${\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} [x,t,t^{-1}]/(x^{2}-t))\to {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} [t,t^{-1}])}$

If we look at the associated morphism of residue fields for the generic point of the base, we see that this is a degree 2 extension

${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} (t)\to {\frac {\mathbb {C} (t)[x]}{(x^{2}-t)}}}$

This implies that this étale cover is not Nisnevich. We can add the étale morphism ${\displaystyle \mathbb {A} ^{1}-\{0,1\}\to \mathbb {A} ^{1}-\{0\}}$ to get a Nisnevich cover since there is an isomorphism of points for the generic point of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {A} ^{1}-\{0\}}$.

Nisnevich introduced his topology to provide a cohomological interpretation of the class set of an affine group scheme, which was originally defined in adelic terms. He used it to partially prove a conjecture of Alexander Grothendieck and Jean-Pierre Serre which states that a rationally trivial torsor under a reductive group scheme over an integral regular Noetherian base scheme is locally trivial in the Zariski topology. One of the key properties of the Nisnevich topology is the existence of a descent spectral sequence. Let X be a Noetherian scheme of finite Krull dimension, and let G_n(X) be the Quillen K-groups of the category of coherent sheaves on X. If ${\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{n}^{\,{\text{cd}}}(X)}$ is the sheafification of these groups with respect to the Nisnevich topology, there is a convergent spectral sequence

${\displaystyle E_{2}^{p,q}=H^{p}(X_{\text{cd}},{\tilde {G}}_{q}^{\,{\text{cd}}})\Rightarrow G_{q-p}(X)}$

for p ≥ 0, q ≥ 0, and p - q ≥ 0. If ${\displaystyle \ell }$ is a prime number not equal to the characteristic of X, then there is an analogous convergent spectral sequence for K-groups with coefficients in ${\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} /\ell \mathbf {Z} }$.

The Nisnevich topology has also found important applications in algebraic K-theory, A¹ homotopy theory and the theory of motives.[3][4]

• Presheaf with transfers
• Mixed motives (math)
• A¹ homotopy theory
• Henselian ring

• Nisnevich, Yevsey A. (1989). "The completely decomposed topology on schemes and associated descent spectral sequences in algebraic K-theory". In J. F. Jardine and V. P. Snaith (ed.). Algebraic K-theory: connections with geometry and topology. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Lake Louise, Alberta, December 7--11, 1987. NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 279. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. pp. 241–342., available at Nisnevich's website

• Levine, Marc (2008), Motivic Homotopy Theory (PDF)

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