Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)

Nicetas or Niketas (Greek: Νικήτας) was the cousin of Emperor Heraclius. He played a major role in the revolt against Phocas that brought Heraclius to the throne, where he captured Egypt for his cousin. Nicetas remained governor of Egypt (or at least Alexandria) thereafter, and participated also in the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628, but failed to stop the Sassanid conquest of Egypt ca. 618/619. He disappears from the sources thereafter, but possibly served as Exarch of Africa until his death.

Nicetas
Diedafter 618/9, possibly 628/9
Constantinople?
AllegianceHeraclius the Elder and Heraclius the Younger
Byzantine army
Years of service608–618/9
Rank
  • "General"
  • patrikios
  • dux et augustalis of Alexandria (610–?)
  • comes excubitorum (612–?)
Battles/wars
MemorialsStatues in Constantinople
Children
Relations
  • Emperor Heraclius (cousin)
  • Patrikios Gregoras (father)

Rebellion against Phocas and the conquest of Egypt
Main article: Heraclian revolt

Nicetas was the son of the patrikios Gregoras, the brother of the Exarch of Africa Heraclius the Elder, under whom he served as magister militum in Africa.[1][2] When Heraclius the Elder launched a rebellion against the usurper Phocas in 608, Nicetas and his father supported it.[3] The Exarch's son, Heraclius the Younger, was the rebellion's candidate to replace Phocas, and with a fleet sailed directly for the imperial capital, Constantinople, which he seized on 5 October 610.[4] At the same time, Nicetas, his forces augmented by Berber auxiliaries, undertook the overland conquest of the Cyrenaica and Egypt. The 9th-century Patriarch of Constantinople Nikephoros reports that the two cousins were involved in a "race" for Constantinople and the imperial throne, but this is clearly a legend.[5][6]

Nicetas' cause was aided by dissatisfied factions within Egypt itself, including the former prefect of Alexandria Theodore and his sons, probably the very wealthy and powerful Egyptian family of the Apiones, and even by prophecies and portents spread by holy men who opposed Phocas' tyranny.[7] Cyrenaica fell easily, and Nicetas' deputy Bonakis was sent against Egypt with 3,000 Byzantines and many more Berber auxiliaries. According to the account of John of Nikiu, the prefect of the Mareotis was bribed to switch sides, and in a battle before Alexandria, Nicetas' forces defeated and killed Phocas' general. The city's populace rose up in support of Nicetas' forces, the Patriarch, governor and treasurer fled, and Nicetas had the populace proclaim his cousin as emperor.[8]

Bonakis was then dispatched to complete the conquest of the Nile Delta, but two garrisons, at Semanub and Athrib, resisted until Phocas sent a general, Bonosus, from Palestine to recover Egypt. Bonosus was initially successful, as he defeated, captured and executed Bonakis and seized Nikiu, where he executed several leading figures who had supported the rebellion. In the meantime, Alexandria was plagued by factional fighting between the Blues, who still supported Phocas, and the Greens, who supported the rebellion, but before long the Blues switched sides, and Nicetas was able to raise new troops and repel two attempts by Bonosus to capture the city. Dismayed, Bonosus retreated and eventually took ship from Pelusium to Constantinople. Following his departure, the Heraclians consolidated their control of Egypt, a process which was completed by the summer of 610.[9]

Governorship of Egypt and the Persian war

From Egypt, Nicetas apparently marched on into Palestine to subdue the Phocas loyalists there, but soon returned to Egypt, where he was installed as governor.[10][11] His exact office is unclear—he is usually simply mentioned by his rank of patrikios, which he probably was given in 610—but he was possibly dux et augustalis of Alexandria.[12] As Walter Kaegi comments, in view of the mutual trust between Nicetas and Heraclius, this made eminent sense, since Egypt contributed some 30% of the praetorian prefecture of the East's annual income, and the new regime "would not have wished some other politically ambitious figure to stir up new unrest there as they had recently done themselves".[11] At Egypt, Nicetas sponsored the election of John the Almsgiver as Patriarch of Alexandria, with whom he even became a ritual brother through the rite of adelphopoiesis.[12][13]

Later, in 615 or 616, he helped reconcile the Monophysite churches of Alexandria and Antioch, but it is unclear whether Nicetas remained continuously in office; at any rate, he was absent from Egypt for several extended periods.[12] Thus in the summer of 612 he visited Constantinople, where he was received with great pomp. According to the Chronicon Paschale, he brought with him the Holy Sponge and the Holy Lance, which were the objects of special services held at the capital in autumn.[a] Heraclius reportedly left control of the capital to Nicetas when he went to Cappadocia to meet Priscus, who was besieging the Sassanid Persians in Caesarea. During this time, according to the hagiography of Saint Theodore of Sykeon, Nicetas reputedly fell ill and was healed through the intercession of the saint. When Priscus was disgraced shortly after, on 5 December 612 Nicetas succeeded him as comes excubitorum, commander of the imperial bodyguard.[6][10][14]

In 613, Nicetas accompanied Heraclius in his campaign against the Persians, but the two cousins were defeated in the Battle of Antioch by Shahin Vahmanzadegan, a defeat which resulted in the rapid fall of Syria to the Persians.[15] It appears, however, that Nicetas managed to win a costly victory near Emesa, possibly in 614. It is probably on this occasion that statues honouring him were erected in Constantinople.[12][16] The Persian victories and the shortage of funds forced Nicetas to turn to his friend, the Patriarch John, for help, and requisition funds from the Alexandrian Church.[17]

Following the conquest of Syria and Palestine, the Persian general Shahrbaraz began the invasion of Egypt. Nicetas' role in preparing for and during the defence of the province, as well as the detailed course of the invasion, are unknown, but both he and Patriarch John fled Alexandria for Cyprus and then Rhodes, shortly before its fall to the Persians.[12][18]

Nicetas disappears from sources after this, but based on a later anecdote it has been suggested by Charles Diehl that he went on to govern Africa until his probable death in 628/9. Other scholars, however, including the editors of the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, consider this interpretation unlikely.[10][19]

Family

Nicetas was the father of the Empress Gregoria, wife of Constantine III, and perhaps also of a patrikios Nicetas, attested in 639, and of the Exarch of Africa Gregory.[3][10]

Heraclius of Edessa

His father was Gregorius, brother to Heraclius the Elder.[20] Heraclius had been appointed Exarch of Africa by Maurice and lived to support the revolt of his son. But not to its conclusion. Gregorius seems to have served under the command of his brother but the extent of his role is unknown.

The further ancestry of the two brothers, is uncertain. Cyril Mango in Deux études sur Byzance et la Perse Sassanide (1985) speculated they were descendants of Heraclius of Edessa, a general under Leo I and Zeno. He was appointed Comes rei militaris prior to 468. He assisted the Kingdom of Egrisi against the invasions of Peroz I of the Sassanids and Vakhtang I of Iberia but had to withdraw when his supply support proved insufficient.[21]

Heraclius of Edessa and Marcellinus led troops from Roman Egypt against Geiseric of the Vandals in 468. Their forces had successfully captured Sardinia and a number of cities in Tripolitania. They were marching to Carthage, the capital of the Vandals, when the main Roman force under Basiliscus was ambushed and defeated by Geiseric.[20] One half of the Roman fleet was burned, sunk, or captured, and the other half followed the fugitive Basiliscus. The whole expedition had failed. Heraclius effected his retreat through the desert into Tripolitania, holding the position for two years until recalled; Marcellinus retired to Sicily.[22]

According to Theophanes, Heraclius of Edessa sided with Leo I against his magister militum Aspar in 471. The conflict ended with the deaths of both Aspar and his son Ardabur by order of Leo. In 474, Heraclius served as magister militum per Thracias(Master of the Soldiers of Thrace) when he was captured in battle by Theodoric Strabo, a Goth chieftain formerly loyal to Aspar. He was executed by Theodoric despite the payment of a ransom for him by Zeno.[21]

Heraclius of Edessa is mentioned as son of Florus by Theophanes the Confessor. Theophanes identifies Florus as a consul but his name does not appear in consul lists. The explanation may be an honorary consulship. Another explanation suggested by Ernest Stein in Histoire du Bas-Empire (1951) was that Florus was another name for Flavius Florentius, a Roman Consul in 429.[21]

Notes

^ a: According to the reinterpretation proposed by Holger A. Klein in "Niketas und das wahre Kreuz", Byzantinische Zeitschrift Vol. 94 (2001), pp. 580–587, whose arguments are accepted by Walter Kaegi in his 2003 biography of Heraclius, the patrikios Nicetas who brought these two relics to Constantinople was not the cousin of Heraclius as traditionally believed, but rather the namesake baptized son of the Persian general Shahrbaraz, who had seized the relics along with the True Cross when he captured Jerusalem, and returned them in 629, after the end of the Byzantine–Sassanid war.[23]

References
  1. Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 546, 940.
  2. Kaegi 2003, p. 30.
  3. Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 940.
  4. Kaegi 2003, pp. 43, 45–51.
  5. Kaegi 2003, pp. 43–44.
  6. Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 941.
  7. Kaegi 2003, pp. 38, 44.
  8. Kaegi 2003, p. 44.
  9. Kaegi 2003, pp. 44–45.
  10. Kaegi 1991, p. 1480.
  11. Kaegi 2003, p. 53.
  12. Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 942.
  13. Kaegi 2003, pp. 59, 87.
  14. Kaegi 2003, pp. 70–72.
  15. Kaegi 2003, pp. 75–77.
  16. Kaegi 2003, p. 78.
  17. Kaegi 2003, pp. 80–81.
  18. Kaegi 2003, pp. 86–87, 91.
  19. Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 943.
  20. Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. 3
  21. Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. 2
  22. Friell, Gerard; Williams, Stephen (December 1998). The Rome That Did Not Fall. Routledge. pp. 184–186. ISBN 0-415-15403-0.
  23. Kaegi 2003, pp. 186ff..

Sources
  • Kaegi, Walter Emil (1991). "Niketas". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. London and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1480. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius: emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81459-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20160-8. Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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