Neo-futurism

Beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s by architects such as Buckminster Fuller[4] and John C. Portman Jr.;[5][6][7] architect and industrial designer Eero Saarinen,[8] Archigram, an avant-garde architectural group (Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton, Michael Webb and David Greene, Jan Kaplický and others);[9][10][11] [12][13][14] it is considered in part an evolution out of high-tech architecture, developing many of the same themes and ideas.[15]

Although it was never built, the Fun Palace (1961) interpreted by architect Cedric Price as a "giant neo-futurist machine"[16][17] influenced other architects, notably Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, whose Pompidou Centre extended many of Price's ideas.

Neo-futurism was revitalised in 2007 after the publication of "The Neo-Futuristic City Manifesto"[18][19][20] included in the candidature presented to the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE)[21] and written by innovation designer Vito Di Bari [22][23] (a former executive director at UNESCO),[24] to outline his vision for the city of Milan at the time of the Universal Expo 2015. Di Bari defined his neo-futuristic vision as the "cross-pollination of art, cutting edge technologies and ethical values combined to create a pervasively higher quality of life"; [25] he referenced the Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development Theory[26] and reported that the name had been inspired by the United Nations report Our Common Future.[27]

Jean-Louis Cohen has defined neo-futurism[28][29] as a corollary to technology, noting that a large amount of the structures built today are byproducts of new materials and concepts about the function of large-scale constructions in society. Etan J. Ilfeld wrote that in the contemporary neo-futurist aesthetic "the machine becomes an integral element of the creative process itself, and generates the emergence of artistic modes that would have been impossible prior to computer technology."[30] Reyner Banham's definition of "une architecture autre" is a call for an architecture that technologically overcomes all previous architectures but possessing an expressive form,[31] as Banham stated about neo-futuristic "Archigram's Plug-in Computerized City, form does not have to follow function into oblivion."[32]

WU Vienna, Library & Learning Center by Zaha Hadid

Neo-futurism was inspired partly by Futurist architect Antonio Sant'Elia and pioneered from the early 1960s and the late 1970s by Hal Foster,[33] with architects such as William Pereira,[34][35] Charles Luckman[36][37] and Henning Larsen.[38].

The relaunch of neo-futurism in the 21st century has been creatively inspired by the Pritzker Architecture Prize-winning architect Zaha Hadid,[39] architect Santiago Calatrava[40][41].

Neo-futurist architects, designers and artists include people like Denis Laming,[42][43][44] Patrick Jouin,[45] Yuima Nakazato,[46][47]artist Simon Stålenhag[48] and artist Charis Tsevis.[49][50][51] Neo-futurism has absorbed some high-tech architectural themes and ideas, incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology іnto building design: Technology and context has been a focus for some architects such as Buckminster Fuller, Norman Foster,[52][53] Kenzo Tange, Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.[41]

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  The Tour de Montréal in Montreal by Roger Taillibert, 1987
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  Kunsthaus Graz in Graz by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier, 2003
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  The Pavilions of Futuroscope in Poitiers by Denis Laming, 1984
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  The British Library of Political and Economic Science in London by Norman Foster, 2000
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  L'Oceanogràfic in the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia by Félix Candela, 2003
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  L'Àgora in the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 2009
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  El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía in the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 2005
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  The Turning Torso in Malmö by Santiago Calatrava, 2005
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  L'Hemisfèric in the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 1998
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  Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife by Santiago Calatrava, 2003
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  Iceberg Palace in Sochi by Andrey Bokov, 2012
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  Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center in Baku by Zaha Hadid, 2012
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  Hungerburgbahn top station in Hungerburg by Zaha Hadid, 2007
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  Jockey Club Innovation Tower in Hong Kong by Zaha Hadid, 2013
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  Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro by Santiago Calatrava, 2015
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  The World Trade Center Hub in New York City by Santiago Calatrava, 2016
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  Liège-Guillemins railway station in Liège, Belgium by Santiago Calatrava, 2009
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  The Evolution Tower in Moscow, Russia by RMJM and Philipp Nikandrov, 2014
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  The Shard in London, by Renzo Piano, 2012
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  520 West 28th Street, New York, 2017 by Zaha Hadid
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  Aerial view of Apple Park, Cupertino, California, 2017 by Norman Foster