Midrash Eleh Ezkerah

Midrash Eleh Ezkerah (Hebrew: אלה אזכרה‎) is an aggadic midrash, one of the smaller midrashim, which receives its name from the fact that a seliḥah for the Day of Atonement, which treats the same subject and begins with the words "Eleh ezkerah," recounts the execution of ten famous teachers of the Mishnah in the time of the persecution by Hadrian (see Ten Martyrs). The same event is related in a very ancient source, Eichah Rabbah.[1]

Page from Midrash Eleh Ezkerah, Constantinople (?), 1620.
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The version in Eleh Ezkerah

According to the Midrash Eleh Ezkerah, a Roman emperor commanded the execution of the ten sages of Israel to expiate the guilt of the sons of Jacob, who had sold their brother Joseph—a crime which, according to Exodus 21:16, had to be punished with death.

The names of the martyrs are given here, as in the seliḥah already mentioned (varying in part from Eichah Rabbah and Midrash Tehillim), as follows:

  1. R. Simeon b. Gamaliel
  2. R. Yishmael ha-Kohen
  3. R. Akiva
  4. R. Ḥanina b. Teradion
  5. R. Judah b. Baba
  6. R. Judah b. Dama
  7. R. Ḥuzpit
  8. R. Hananiah b. Ḥakinai
  9. R. Jeshebeab
  10. R. Eleazar b. Shammua'

Although this midrash employs other sources, borrowing its introduction from the Midrash Konen, and the account of the conversation of Rabbi Ishmael with the angels in heaven probably from the Hekalot, it forms, nevertheless, a coherent work. It was edited, on the basis of a Hamburg codex, by A. Jellinek[2] and, according to another manuscript, by S. Chones, in his Rav Pe'alim.[3] A second and a third recension of the midrash were edited, on the basis of manuscript sources, in Jellinek's B. H.,[4] and a fourth is contained in the Spanish liturgical work Bet Av.[5] According to Jellinek, "the fourth recension is the oldest, since it has borrowed large portions from the Hekalot; next to this stand the second and the third; while the youngest is the first, which, nevertheless, has the advantage of real conformity with the spirit of the race and represents this the best of all." The martyrdom of the ten sages is also treated in the additions to the Hekalot[6] and in the ḳinah for the Ninth of Ab.

References
  1. On Lamentations 2:2, ed. S. Buber, p. 50b; compare also Midr. Teh. on Psalms 9:13, ed. Buber, p. 44b
  2. Leipsic, 1853, and in his B. H. 2:64-72
  3. pp. 157-160
  4. 6:19-35
  5. Leghorn, 1877
  6. B. H. 5:167 et seq.

Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
  • Zunz, G. V. p. 142;
  • A. Jellinek, B. H. 2:23 et seq.; 5:41; 6:17 et seq.;
  • Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, p. 299.
  • On the problem of the synchronism of the ten martyrs see Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. iv. 175 et seq., and Monatsschrift, i. 314 et seq.
  • A German translation by P. Möbius appeared in 1845.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "article name needed". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

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